request库比urllib2库更为高级,因为其功能更强大,更易于使用。使用该库可以十分方便我们的抓取。
基本请求
r = requests.get('http://cuiqingcai.com')
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
基本GET请求:
添加参数,可以使用params参数,添加headers,可以使用headers参数
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload, headers=headers)
print r.url
获取服务器原始套接字响应
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)
r.raw
<requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>
r.raw.read(10)
'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'
基本POST请求:
表单形式传输数据:
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print r.text
jason格式传输数据:
import json
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
print r.text
如果要上传文件,直接使用file参数:
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': open('test.txt', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print r.text
Cookies:
获取cookies:
import requests
url = 'http://example.com'
r = requests.get(url)
print r.cookies
print r.cookies['example_cookie_name']
发送cookies:
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print r.text
超时配置:
requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001)
代理设置:
mport requests
proxies = {
"https": "http://41.118.132.69:4433"
}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", proxies=proxies)
print r.text
SSL证书验证:
HTTPS开头的网站十分常见,requests可以为HTTPS请求验证SSL证书,通过使用verify参数
import requests
r = requests.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/', verify=True)
print r.text
12306网站的证书无效,通过设置verify=fasle。通过证书有效的网站设置verify=true.默认情况下verify是True。
port requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com', verify=True)
print r.text
会话对象:
以上请求其实相当于发送一个新的请求,相当于每个请求都用不同的浏览器单独打开的效果,也就是它们并不是指的一个会话。
不在一个会话中,无法获取cookies,在一些站点中,需要保持一个持久的会话,在不同的选项卡之间跳转。
import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
print(r.text)
这样就可以成功设置cookies和获取cookies
{
"cookies": {
"sessioncookie": "123456789"
}
}
import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})
r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
print r.text
结果是同一个会话,两个变量都传进去了
{
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1",
"X-Test": "true",
"X-Test2": "true"
}
}
r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test': 'true'})
覆盖掉原来的全局配置
{
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1",
"X-Test": "true"
}
}
通过设置None不想要全局变量中的一个配置:
r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test': None})
结果:
{
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1"
}
}