8.4 继 承
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Animal(
object)
:
def run(self)
:
print('Animal is running...')
class Dog(Animal)
:
pass
class Cat(Animal)
:
pass
dog = Dog()
dog.run()
cat = Cat()
cat.run()
执行结果：
Animal is running...
Animal is running...
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Dog(Animal)
:
def eat(self)
:
print('Eating ...')
dog = Dog()
dog.run()
dog.eat()
执行结果：
Animal is running...
Eating ...
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Animal(
object)
:
def run(self)
:
print('Animal is running...')
def __run(self)
:
print('I am a private method.')
执行语句：
dog = Dog()
dog.__run()
执行结果：
Traceback (most recent call last)
:
File "D
:/python/w
orkspace/classextend.py", line 25, in <module>
dog.__run()
AttributeErr
or: 'Dog'
object has no attribute '__run'
class Animal(
object)
:
def run(self)
:
print('Animal is running...')
def jump(self)
:
print('Animal is jumpping....')
def __run(self)
:
print('I am a private method.')
dog = Dog()
dog.run()
dog.jump()
cat = Cat()
cat.run()
cat.jump()
执行结果：
Animal is running...
Animal is jumpping....
Animal is running...
Animal is jumpping....
8.5 多 态
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Dog(Animal)
:
def run(self)
:
print('Dog is running...')
class Cat(Animal)
:
def run(self)
:
print('Cat is running...')
执行语句：
dog = Dog()
print('实例化Dog类')
dog.run()
cat = Cat()
print('实例化Cat类')
cat.run()
执行结果：
实例化Dog类
Dog is running...
实例化Cat类
Cat is running...
a = list() # a是list类型
b = Animal() # b是Animal类型
c = Dog() # c是Dog类型
print('a是否为list类型：', isinstance(a, list))
print('b是否为Animal类型：', isinstance(b, Animal))
print('c是否为Dog类型：', isinstance(c, Dog))
执行结果：
a是否为list类型： True
b是否为Animal类型： True
c是否为Dog类型： True
print('c是否为Dog类型：', isinstance(c, Dog))
print('c是否为Animal类型：',isinstance(c, Animal))
执行结果：
c是否为Dog类型： True
c是否为Animal类型： True
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
def run_two_times(animal)
:
animal.run()
animal.run()
run_two_times(Animal())
执行结果：
Animal is running...
Animal is running...
run_two_times(Dog())
执行结果：
Dog is running...
Dog is running...
run_two_times(Cat())
执行结果：
Cat is running...
Cat is running...
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Bird(Animal)
:
def run(self)
:
print('Bird is flying the sky...')
run_two_times(Bird())
执行结果：
Bird is flying the sky...
Bird is flying the sky...
8.6 封 装
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Student(
object)
:
def __init__(self, name, sc
ore)
:
self.name = name
self.sc
ore = sc
ore
std = Student('xiaozhi',90)
def info(std)
:
print('学生：%s；分数
: %s' % (std.name, std.sc
ore))
info(std)
执行结果：
学生：xiaozhi；分数
: 90
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Student0(
object)
:
def __init__(self, name, sc
ore)
:
self.name = name
self.sc
ore = sc
ore
def info(self)
:
print('学生：%s；分数
: %s' % (self.name, self.sc
ore))
stu = Student0('xiaomeng',95)
执行结果：
学生：xiaomeng；分数
: 95
8.7 多重继承
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Animal(
object)
:
pass
# 大类
:
class Mammal(Animal)
:
pass
class Bird(Animal)
:
pass
# 各种动物
:
class Dog(Mammal)
:
pass
class Bat(Mammal)
:
pass
class Parrot(Bird)
:
pass
class Ostrich(Bird)
:
pass
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Runnable(
object)
:
def run(self)
:
print('Running...')
class Flyable(
object)
:
def fly(self)
:
print('Flying...')
class Dog(Mammal, Runnable)
:
pass
class Bat(Mammal, Flyable)
:
pass
8.8 获取对象信息
1. 使用type()函数
>>> type(123)
<class 'int'>
>>> type('abc')
<class 'str'>
>>> type(
None)
<class '
NoneType'>
>>> type(abs)
<class '
builtin_
function_
or_method'>
>>> type(pri_pub) #上一节定义的PrivatePublicMethod类
<class '__main__.PrivatePublicMethod'>
>>> type(123)==type(456)
True
>>> type(123)==int
True
>>> type('abc')==type('123')
True
>>> type('abc')==str
True
>>> type('abc')==type(123)
False
>>> imp
ort types
>>> def func()
:
... pass
...
>>> type(fn)==types.
FunctionType
True
>>> type(abs)==types.
BuiltinFunctionType
True
>>> type(lambda x
: x)==types.LambdaType
True
>>> type((x f
or x in range(10)))==types.Generat
orType
True
2. 使用isinstance()函数
>>> animal = Animal()
>>> dog = Dog()
>>> isinstance(dog, Dog)
True
>>> isinstance(dog, Animal)
True
>>> isinstance(dog,
object)
True
>>> isinstance(dog, Dog) and isinstance(dog, Animal)
True
>>> isinstance(animal,Dog )
False
>>> isinstance([1, 2, 3], (list, tuple))
True
>>> isinstance((1, 2, 3), (list, tuple))
True
3. 使用dir()
>>> dir('abc')
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__f
ormat__', '__ge__', '__get
attribute__', '__
getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__
hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'f
ormat', 'f
ormat_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
8.9 类的专有方法
1. __str__
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Student(
object)
:
def __init__(self, name)
:
self.name = name
print(Student('xiaozhi'))
执行结果：
<__main__.Student
object at 0x0000000000D64198>
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Student(
object)
:
def __init__(self, name)
:
self.name = name
def __str__(self)
:
return '学生名称
: %s' % self.name
print(Student('xiaozhi'))
执行结果：
学生名称
: xiaozhi
>>> s = Student('xiaozhi')
>>> s
<__main__.Student
object at 0x00000000030EC550>
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Student(
object)
:
def __init__(self, name)
:
self.name = name
def __str__(self)
:
return '学生名称
: %s' % self.name
__repr__ = __str__
在交互模式下执行：
>>> s = Student('xiaozhi')
>>> s
学生名称
: xiaozhi
2. __iter__
#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding
:UTF-8 -*-
class Fib(
object)
:
def __init__(self)
:
self.a, self.b = 0, 1 # 初始化两个计数器a、b
def __iter__(self)
:
return self # 实例本身就是迭代对象，故返回自己
def __next__(self)
:
self.a, self.b = self.b, self.a + self.b # 计算下一个值
if self.a > 100000
: # 退出循环的条件
raise StopIteration();
return self.a # 返回下一个值
3. __
getitem__
>>> Fib()[3]
Traceback (most recent call last)
:
File "<pyshell#35>", line 1, in <module>
Fib()[3]
TypeError: 'Fib'
object does
not supp
ort indexing
class Fib(
object)
:
def __get分段模拟运行结果给出
本文详细解释了在使用内置函数时出现的错误信息，指出错误通常源于符号写法错误，并通过示例说明如何避免此类问题。
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