通信专业英语系列（一）

从今天起，这个系列将会慢慢的带大家温习通信相关的专业英语知识，包括常用词汇，语句，重要定义的中英文对应翻译等。这个系列会分为10个单元，每个单元内3课，课后会引申阅读。千里之行始于足下，希望大家的英语水平都能得到提高。愿你有所收获。

Lesson 1 Signals: Audio, Image and Video

spatial adj. 空间的
interval n. 间歇，间隙
convert vt. 转换
normalize vt. 标准化，归一化
arbitrary adj. 任意的
in terms of… 依照…
ambient adj. 环境的，周围的
depict vt. 描绘
successive adj. 连续的，相继的
light intensity 光强度
block diagram 框图
lookup table 查找表
grayscale picture 灰度图像
discrete-time signal 离散信号
magnitude 幅值
domain 定义域
range 值域，范围
backlog 待办事项
vertical axis and horizontal axis 纵轴和横轴

Signals are functions that carry information, often in the form of temporal and spatial patterns.
信号是承载信息的函数，其形式往往是时间和空间的变换模式。

Lesson 2 Systems: Linear and Nonlinear

notation n. 记号
mechanism n. 机制，方法
compensate vi. 补偿
acoustics n. 传声效果
extraction n. 提取
spurious adj. 虚假的
encoder and decoder 编码器和译码器（codec编解码器）
resonate vi. 谐振
active and passive 有源和无源
intermodulation n. 互调，交调
sinusoid n. 正弦曲线
harmonic n. 谐波，泛音
attenuation n. 衰减
crossover n. 交越失真
spectral component 频率分量
signal distortion 信号失真，信号畸变
linear distortion-free transmission 线性无失真传输
amplitude/frequency response 幅度响应/频率响应

A system may enhance a signal by emohasizing some of the information it carries and deemphasizing some other information. In reansmission, signals are often degraded by noise or reverse the distortion. When the signal is carrying digital informationover a physical channel, the extraction of the digital information from the degraded signal is called detection.
系统可以提高信号的质量，增强某些信息，削弱某些信息。在通信过程中，信号质量会因噪声或畸变而降低。系统可以降低噪声，修正畸变。当承载数字信息的信号经过物理信道时，从受损信号提取数字信息的过程叫做“检波”。

Linear versus Nonlinear Behaviour
线性系统和非线性系统的行为比较

Linear Behaviour	Nonlinear Behaviour
input and output frequencies are the same (no additional frequencies created)	output frequency may undergo frequency shift (e.g: with mixers)
output frequency only undergoes magnitude and phase change	additional frequencies created (harmonics, intermodulation)

上表翻译过来为：

线性行为	非线性行为
输入频率和输出频率相同（没有其他频率产生）	输出频率会出现变化（如混频器）
输出频率只存在幅度变化和相位变化	产生其他频率（谐波、交调项）

Lesson 3 Modern Electronic Communication System

sequence n. 序列
porpagate vt. 传播
irrelevant adj. 无关的
medium n. 介质
simultaneous adj. 同时的
allocation n. 分配
scheme n. 方案，体系
maintenance n. 维护
coherent adj. 相干的，相关的
incorporate vt. 包含
interpretation n. 理解
traffic 通信量，业务量
source and destination 信源和信宿
overhead 开销
timing 定时的
simplex and duplex 单工和全双工
acknowledgement 确认，应答
optical fiber 光纤
coaxial cable 同轴电缆
twisted pair 双绞线
local loop/subscriber line 本地环/用户线
data synchronization 数据同步
error detection 错误检测
RF (radio frequency) 射频
POTS (plain old telephone service) 固定电话业务
clock recovery circuit 时钟恢复电路

Information can be defined as ant physical pattern that is meaningful to both sender and receiver. The transmitter converts the information from its original form to some kind of signal, usually an electrical or electromagnetic signal, so that it can travel through a channel, such as cables, or through space, to a receiver. The receiver converts the electrical signal back to its original form.
信息可以定义为，对发送方和接收方都有意义的任何物理模式。“发射机”将信息从其最初形式转换为某种信号形式（通常是电信号），以便能够通过信道传输到接收机。接收机将电信号转换回其最初形式。

Bandwidth（BW） is the range of frequencies that can be transmitted with minimal distortion. BW is also a measure of the tranmission capacity of the communications medium.There is a general rule that relates BW nad information capacity – Hartley’s Law, which is represented by $I = ktBW$，where I = amount of information that can be transmitted; k = a constant that depends on the type of modulation; t = transmission time in seconds; BW = channel bandwidth.
带宽是能够在最小失真条件下进行通信的频率范围，也是度量通信介质传输能力的指标之一。在带宽和通信容量之间存在着一般关系，即“哈特来定律”。该定律表示为I=ktBW，其中 I 是能够发送的信息量；k 是一个取决于调制方法的常数； t 是通信时间（单位为秒）； BW是信道带宽。

Simplex refers to communications in only one direction from the transmitter to the receiver. Half-duplex refers to two-way communications but in only one direction at a time. Full-duplex refers to simultaneous two-way transmission. For example, radio or TV broadcast is a simplex system, transfer of inventory data from a warehouse to an accounting office is a half-duplex system, and videoconferencing represents a full-duplex application.
单工是指只能从发射方到接收方进行的单方向通信。半双工是指一次只能在一个方向进行的双向通信。全双工是指能够在两个方向同时进行的双向通信。例如：无线电广播和电视广播属于单工通信，仓库向会议室传送库数据属于半双工通信，视频会议属于全双工通信。

引申阅读

The Fourier theorem states that any periodic function or waveform can be expressed as the sum of sine waves with frequencies at integer or harmonic multiples of the fundermental frequency of the waveform, with approproate maximum amplitudes and phases.
傅里叶定理表明在任意周期函数或周期波形都可以表示为具有最大幅值的频率谐波之和，这些波是具有整数倍频率或建立在这些基波频率上的多次谐波的正弦波之和。

The Nyquist sampling theorem states that if a waveform is sampled at a rate at least twice the maximum frequency component in the waveform, then it is possible to reconstruct that waveform from the periodic samples without any distortion. Therefore, if the maximum frequency compponent in the signal is f, then the optimum sampling rate equals 2f. The sampling rate is sometimes called the Nyquist rate or Nyquist frequency.
奈奎斯特采样定理表明如果一个波形以至少两倍最大品类采样，那么是可以无失真的根据采样样本重建恢复出原始波形。因此，当信号中最大频率分量为f，则最低采样频率为2f。采样频率通常也称为奈奎斯特频率或奈奎斯特速率。

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Here is the end for the Unit One. Hope you can learn more or less from this article. May you have a good day. Thank you for your supporting.