NSStringEncoding关于文字编码问题的解决方法

今天看见一个很棒的博客，只是无法粉丝之，就转载一下几篇很好用的博文吧

转载：http://www.cnblogs.com/zhwl/archive/2012/12/31/2840746.html

今天在尝试抓取起点中文网首页的时候遇到了一个问题 — 如果编码没有用对的话是没办法读取任何东西的.

这也算是C#用的太多养成的坏习惯, 以前基本没怎么考虑过编码问题. 应该说, C#里面就算编码错了, 也能读进来东西,

只是一片乱码而已. Cocoa里面就狠了点, 直接抛异常了.

下面是刚开始写的一段代码, 把起点中文网的主页下载到一个字符串中.

NSURL *url = [[NSURL alloc]

initWithString:@"http://www.cmfu.com"];

NSError *error;

NSString *xml = [NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:&error];

if(xml == nil)

{ NSLog(@"Error reading url at %@", [error localizedFailureReason]); }

else { [result setString:xml]; }

死活下载失败, 错误信息就是编码不对. 好吧, 我打开了帮助查看了下所有的编码:

enum {

NSASCIIStringEncoding = 1,

NSNEXTSTEPStringEncoding = 2,

NSJapaneseEUCStringEncoding = 3,

NSUTF8StringEncoding = 4,

NSISOLatin1StringEncoding = 5,

NSSymbolStringEncoding = 6,

NSNonLossyASCIIStringEncoding = 7,

NSShiftJISStringEncoding = 8,

NSISOLatin2StringEncoding = 9,

NSUnicodeStringEncoding = 10,

NSWindowsCP1251StringEncoding = 11,

NSWindowsCP1252StringEncoding = 12,

NSWindowsCP1253StringEncoding = 13,

NSWindowsCP1254StringEncoding = 14,

NSWindowsCP1250StringEncoding = 15,

NSISO2022JPStringEncoding = 21,

NSMacOSRomanStringEncoding = 30,

NSUTF16StringEncoding = NSUnicodeStringEncoding,

NSUTF16BigEndianStringEncoding = 0x90000100,

NSUTF16LittleEndianStringEncoding = 0x94000100,

NSUTF32StringEncoding = 0x8c000100,

NSUTF32BigEndianStringEncoding = 0x98000100,

NSUTF32LittleEndianStringEncoding = 0x9c000100,

};

我一个一个的试,

居然全都不行! 崩溃了, 这都什么年代了, 难道Cocoa还不支持中文? 不可能啊.

估计是上面那份文档里面只是列出了最长用的几种编码(这里是苹果认为最长用的, 可见对于中国基本是无视了, 鄙视下!),

我就写了下面这段代码输出了所有支持的编码:

const NSStringEncoding *encodings = [NSString availableStringEncodings];

NSMutableString *str = [[NSMutableString alloc] init];

NSStringEncoding encoding;

while ((encoding = *encodings++) != 0)

{

[str appendFormat: @"%@ === %in", [NSString localizedNameOfStringEncoding：encoding], encoding]; }

[result setString: str];

好家伙, 果然被我猜中了, 下面就是所有支持的编码列表

Western (Mac OS Roman) === 30

Japanese (Mac OS) === -2147483647

Traditional Chinese (Mac OS) === -2147483646

Korean (Mac OS) === -2147483645

Arabic (Mac OS) === -2147483644

Hebrew (Mac OS) === -2147483643

Greek (Mac OS) === -2147483642

Cyrillic (Mac OS) === -2147483641

Devanagari (Mac OS) === -2147483639

Gurmukhi (Mac OS) === -2147483638

Gujarati (Mac OS) === -2147483637

Thai (Mac OS) === -2147483627

Simplified Chinese (Mac OS) === -2147483623

Tibetan (Mac OS) === -2147483622

Central European (Mac OS) === -2147483619

Symbol (Mac OS) === 6

Dingbats (Mac OS) === -2147483614

Turkish (Mac OS) === -2147483613

Croatian (Mac OS) === -2147483612

Icelandic (Mac OS) === -2147483611

Romanian (Mac OS) === -2147483610

Celtic (Mac OS) === -2147483609

Gaelic (Mac OS) === -2147483608

Keyboard Symbols (Mac OS) === -2147483607

Farsi (Mac OS) === -2147483508

Cyrillic (Mac OS Ukrainian) === -2147483496

Inuit (Mac OS) === -2147483412

Unicode (UTF-32LE) === -1677721344

Unicode (UTF-8) === 4

Unicode (UTF-16) === 10

Unicode (UTF-16BE) === -1879047936

Unicode (UTF-16LE) === -1811939072

Unicode (UTF-32) === -1946156800

Unicode (UTF-32BE) === -1744830208

Western (ISO Latin 1) === 5

Central European (ISO Latin 2) === 9

Western (ISO Latin 3) === -2147483133

Central European (ISO Latin 4) === -2147483132

Cyrillic (ISO 8859-5) === -2147483131

Arabic (ISO 8859-6) === -2147483130

Greek (ISO 8859-7) === -2147483129

Hebrew (ISO 8859-8) === -2147483128

Turkish (ISO Latin 5) === -2147483127

Nordic (ISO Latin 6) === -2147483126

Thai (ISO 8859-11) === -2147483125

Baltic Rim (ISO Latin 7) === -2147483123

Celtic (ISO Latin) === -2147483122

Western (ISO Latin 9) === -2147483121

Romanian (ISO Latin 10) === -2147483120

Latin-US (DOS) === -2147482624

Greek (DOS) === -2147482619

Baltic Rim (DOS) === -2147482618

Western (DOS Latin 1) === -2147482608

Greek (DOS Greek 1) === -2147482607

Central European (DOS Latin 2) === -2147482606

Cyrillic (DOS) === -2147482605

Turkish (DOS) === -2147482604

Portuguese (DOS) === -2147482603

Icelandic (DOS) === -2147482602

Hebrew (DOS) === -2147482601

Canadian French (DOS) === -2147482600

Arabic (DOS) === -2147482599

Nordic (DOS) === -2147482598

Cyrillic (DOS) === -2147482597

Greek (DOS Greek 2) === -2147482596

Thai (Windows, DOS) === -2147482595

Japanese (Windows, DOS) === 8

Simplified Chinese (Windows, DOS) === -2147482591

Korean (Windows, DOS) === -2147482590

Traditional Chinese (Windows, DOS) === -2147482589

Western (Windows Latin 1) === 12

Central European (Windows Latin 2) === 15

Cyrillic (Windows) === 11

Greek (Windows) === 13

Turkish (Windows Latin 5) === 14

Hebrew (Windows) === -2147482363

Arabic (Windows) === -2147482362

Baltic Rim (Windows) === -2147482361

Vietnamese (Windows) === -2147482360

Western (ASCII) === 1

Japanese (Shift JIS X0213) === -2147482072

Chinese (GBK) === -2147482063

Chinese (GB 18030) === -2147482062

Japanese (ISO 2022-JP) === 21

Korean (ISO 2022-KR) === -2147481536

Japanese (EUC) === 3

Simplified Chinese (EUC) === -2147481296

Traditional Chinese (EUC) === -2147481295

Korean (EUC) === -2147481280

Japanese (Shift JIS) === -2147481087

Cyrillic (KOI8-R) === -2147481086

Traditional Chinese (Big 5) === -2147481085

Western (Mac Mail) === -2147481084

Simplified Chinese (HZ GB 2312) === -2147481083

Traditional Chinese (Big 5 HKSCS) === -2147481082

Ukrainian (KOI8-U) === -2147481080

Traditional Chinese (Big 5-E) === -2147481079

Western (NextStep) === 2

Non-lossy ASCII === 7

Western (EBCDIC Latin 1) === -2147480574

终于看到了熟悉的 GBK 编码, 对应的代码是 -2147482063. Ok, 更改一下最开始的代码

NSURL *url = [[NSURL alloc] initWithString:@"http://www.cmfu.com"];

NSError *error;

NSStringEncoding encoder;

NSString *xml = [NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url encoding:encoder=-2147482063 error:&error];

if(xml == nil)

{ NSLog(@"Error reading url at %@", [error localizedFailureReason]); }

else { [result setString:xml]; }

终于搞定了! 看到熟悉的中文真是激动了.

以下为编码问题的扩展______________________________________________

// our secure service :-)
NSURL *server = [NSURL URLWithString:@http://www.cocoanetics.com/feed/];
NSURLRequest *request = [NSURLRequest requestWithURL:server];
 
// use synchronous convenience method
NSURLResponse *response = nil;
NSError *error = nil;
NSData *returnedData = [NSURLConnection sendSynchronousRequest:request
					returningResponse:&response
					error:&error];
if (!returnedData)
{
	NSLog(@Error retrieving data, %@, [error localizedDescription]);
	return NO;
}
 
// get the correct text encoding
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1409537/nsdata-to-nsstring-converstion-problem
CFStringEncoding cfEncoding = CFStringConvertIANACharSetNameToEncoding((CFStringRef)
					[response textEncodingName]);
NSStringEncoding encoding = CFStringConvertEncodingToNSStringEncoding(cfEncoding);
 
// output
NSString *xml = [[[NSString alloc] initWithData:returnedData encoding:encoding]
					autorelease];
NSLog(@%@, xml);

技巧:不采用硬编码UTF8的方式,我们从应答中获取适当的编码.

____________________________________________________________

关于HTTP请求头 

Accept:浏览器可接受的MIME类型 
Accept-Charset:浏览器可接受的字符集 
Accept-Encoding:浏览器能够进行解码的数据编码方式，如gzip. 
Accept-Language:浏览器所希望的语言种类 
Authorization:授权信息 
Connection:表示是否需要持久连接 
Content-Length:表示请求消息正文的长度 
Cookie:请求头信息 
From:请求发送者的email地址。 
Host:初始URL中的主机和端口 
If-Modified-Since:只有当所请求的内容在指定日期之后又经过修改才返回它，否者返回Not Modified 应答 
Pragma:指定”no-cache”值 表示服务器必须返回一个刷新后的文档，即使他有代理服务器而且已经有叶面的本地拷贝 
Referer:包含一个URL,用户从该URL代表的页面出发反问当前请求的页面 
User-Agent:浏览器的类型 
UA-Pixels,UA-Color,UA-OS和UA-CPU:非标准的请求头，表示屏幕大小，颜色深度，操作系统和CPU类型等。 
HTTP应答头 

setContentType: 设置Content-Type头。大多数Servlet都要用到这个方法。 
setContentLength:设置Content-Length头。对于支持持久HTTP连接的浏览器来说，这个函数是很有用的。 
addCookie:设置一个Cookie 
Allow:服务器支持那些请求方法 
Content-Encoding:文档的编码方法 
Content-Length: 
Content-Type 表示后面的文档属于什么MIME类型。 
Date:当前的GMT时间 
Expired:应该在什么时候文档已经过期，从而不再缓存了。 
Last-Modified:文档的最后改动时间。 
Location:表示客户应当到哪里去提取文档。Location通常不是直接设置的 而是通过HttpServletResponse 中的 serRedirect()方法，同时设置状态码为302 
Refresh:表示浏览器应该在多少时间之后刷新页面。 
Server: 服务器名。 
Set-Cookie:设置和叶面相关的Cookie 
www-Authenticate 客户应该在Authenticate 投中应该提供什么类型的授权信息.