[解析]Objective-C 深浅拷贝

在C++中，深浅拷贝的区别如下：

• 浅拷贝。

缺省拷贝构造函数在拷贝过程中是按字节复制的，对于指针型成员变量只复制指针本身，而不复制指针所指向的目标，也就是两个对象中成员指针变量指向同一块内存

• 深拷贝。对一个对象进行深拷贝，系统会为新对象变量中得每一个对象成员分配空间，并将原对象成员内容赋值给新对象对应的成员变量。

在iOS中，由于Objective-C自身提供了copy函数，但是深浅难辨，因此做下总结：

• 非容器变量（immutable对象与mutable对象的区分）
  如下代码所示，可以得出结论，对于一个immutable对象，进行copy得到的对象是浅拷贝，进行mutableCopy得到的对象是深拷贝

    NSString *string = @"animal";
    NSString *stringCopy11 = [string copy];
    NSMutableString *stringMutableCopy11 = [string mutableCopy];
    NSString *stringCopy12 = [string mutableCopy];//非法，容易错误操作
    NSMutableString *stringMutableCopy12 = [string copy];//非法，容易错误操作

    NSLog(@"%p \n%p \n%p \n%p \n%p", string, stringCopy11, stringCopy12, stringMutableCopy11, stringMutableCopy12);

    //output
    /*
    2015-09-30 21:38:50.665 HelloWorld[966:49309] 
    0x10a0560a8 
    0x10a0560a8 
    0x7fd2f049eb00 
    0x7fd2f049ce90 
    0x10a0560a8
    */

如下代码所示，可以得出结论，对于一个mutable对象，不管进行copy或mutableCopy得到的对象都是深拷贝

    NSMutableString *mutableString1 = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"animal"];
    NSString *stringCopy21 = [mutableString1 copy];
    NSMutableString *stringMutableCopy21 = [mutableString1 mutableCopy];
    NSMutableString *stringCopy22 = [mutableString1 copy];//非法，容易错误操作
    NSString *stringMutableCopy22 = [mutableString1 mutableCopy];//非法，容易错误操作
    NSLog(@"%p \n%p \n%p \n%p \n%p", mutableString1, stringCopy21, stringCopy22, stringMutableCopy21, stringMutableCopy22);

    //output
    /*
    2015-09-30 21:38:50.665 HelloWorld[966:49309] 
    0x7fd2f049d8c0 
    0x7fd2f049d920 
    0x7fd2f049e430 
    0x7fd2f049d940 
    0x7fd2f049e450
    */

• 容器变量
  
  • 由以下实验可以看出，容器变量与非容器变量在进行copy与mutableCopy时的情况是一致的，关键在于容器变量如array中得对象都是浅拷贝，其都指向对应的同一块内存
  • trueDeepCopy31、trueDeepCopy33并不是真正意义上的深拷贝，其效果还是同前面讨论的一样并不是真正意义上得深拷贝，而trueDeepCopy32才算的上时真正意义上的深拷贝，因为其对象地址、对象成员地址都都与原来的对象不同。

    NSArray *a1 = @[@"dog", @"cat"];
    NSArray *a2 = @[@"tiger", @"lion"];
    NSArray *a3 = @[@"cow", @"sheep"];
    NSArray *array = @[a1, a2, a3];
    NSArray *arrayCopy11 = [array copy];
    NSArray *arrayCopy12 = [array mutableCopy];
    NSMutableArray *arrayMutableCopy11 = [array mutableCopy];
    NSMutableArray *arrayMutableCopy12 = [array copy];

    NSLog(@"%p %p %p \n%p %p %p\n%p %p %p\n%p %p %p\n%p %p %p", array, array[0], array[0][0],
          arrayCopy11, arrayCopy11[0], arrayCopy11[0][0],
          arrayCopy12, arrayCopy12[0], arrayCopy12[0][0],
          arrayMutableCopy11, arrayMutableCopy11[0], arrayMutableCopy11[0][0],
          arrayMutableCopy12, arrayMutableCopy12[0], arrayMutableCopy12[0][0]);

//output
    /*
    2015-09-30 22:09:07.284 HelloWorld[1284:60191] 
    0x7fa2ab52fd80 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8 
    0x7fa2ab52fd80 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    0x7fa2ab52fc20 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    0x7fa2ab52f010 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    0x7fa2ab52fd80 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    */

    NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:array];
    NSArray *arrayCopy21 = [array copy];
    NSArray *arrayCopy22 = [array mutableCopy];
    NSMutableArray *arrayMutableCopy21 = [array mutableCopy];
    NSMutableArray *arrayMutableCopy22 = [array copy];

    NSLog(@"%p %p %p \n%p %p %p\n%p %p %p\n%p %p %p\n%p %p %p",
          mutableArray, mutableArray[0], mutableArray[0][0],
          arrayCopy21, arrayCopy21[0], arrayCopy21[0][0],
          arrayCopy22, arrayCopy22[0], arrayCopy22[0][0],
          arrayMutableCopy21, arrayMutableCopy21[0], arrayMutableCopy21[0][0],
          arrayMutableCopy22, arrayMutableCopy22[0], arrayMutableCopy22[0][0]);

    //output
    /*
    2015-09-30 22:09:07.284 HelloWorld[1284:60191] 
    0x7fa2ab52f060 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8 
    0x7fa2ab52fd80 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    0x7fa2ab52f0b0 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    0x7fa2ab52f100 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    0x7fa2ab52fd80 0x7fa2ab52ffb0 0x10b0bc0b8
    */

    NSArray *trueDeepCopy31 = [[NSArray alloc] initWithArray:array copyItems:YES];
    NSArray *trueDeepCopy32 = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithData:[NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:array]];
    NSMutableArray *trueDeepCopy33 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:array copyItems:YES];

    NSLog(@"%p %p %p \n%p %p %p\n%p %p %p", trueDeepCopy31, trueDeepCopy31[0], trueDeepCopy31[0][0],
          trueDeepCopy32, trueDeepCopy32[0], trueDeepCopy32[0][0],
          trueDeepCopy33, trueDeepCopy33[0], trueDeepCopy33[0][0]);

    //output
    /*
    2015-09-30 23:13:18.877 HelloWorld[637:12672] 
    0x7fe7414a8d90 0x7fe7414a9f00 0x10a5050b8 
    0x7fe7414a96a0 0x7fe7414a9f00 0x10a5050b8
    0x7fe7414a9770 0x7fe7414a9f00 0x10a5050b8
    0x7fe7414aa070 0x7fe7414a9f00 0x10a5050b8
    0x7fe7414a96a0 0x7fe7414a9f00 0x10a5050b8
    2015-09-30 23:13:18.877 HelloWorld[637:12672] 
    0x7fe7414aa0c0 0x7fe7414a9f00 0x10a5050b8 
    0x7fe7414aaed0 0x7fe7414aab80 0x7fe7414aab20
    0x7fe7414aaae0 0x7fe7414a9f00 0x10a5050b8
    */

• 自定义拷贝
  自定义拷贝需要继承NSCopying、NSMutableCopying协议，重写以下两个方法。

- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone;
- (id)mutableCopyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone;

//示例
//FSJAnimal.h
@interface FSJAnimal : NSObject
@property(nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@property(nonatomic, strong) NSSet *families;

-(id)initWithName:(NSString *)name;
@end

//FSJAnimal.m
@interface FSJAnimal()<NSCopying, NSMutableCopying> 
@end

@implementation FSJAnimal
@synthesize name;
@synthesize families;
//懒初始化
-(NSSet*)families{
    return [_internalFamilies copy];
} 

-(id)initWithName:(NSString *)name
{
    if(self = [super init])
    {
        _name = name;
        _internalFamilies = [[NSMutableSet alloc] init];
    }
    return self;
}
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone
{
    FSJAnimal *copy = [[[self class] alloc] init];
    copy->name = [name copy];
    copy->families = [families copy];
    return copy;
}

- (id)mutableCopyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone
{
    FSJAnimal *copy = [[[self class] alloc] init];
    copy->name = [name mutableCopy];
    copy->families = [families mutableCopy];
    return copy;
}
@end