在struts2的struts-default.xml中定义了一个name为autowiring拦截器，实现类是com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.interceptor.ActionAutowiringInterceptor，它的作用是在struts2和spring整合时为action注入spring上下文ApplicationContext(Action需要实现org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware接口)，并使用com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.Container对象为action注入其他属性。
首先说明一下struts2与spring的整合。
要实现struts2与spring的整合，只需将struts2-spring-plugin-2.x.x.jar加入到项目中即可。在该jar包中存在文件struts-plugin.xml,在struts2启动时会被加载，文件内容如下：
<struts>
<bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ObjectFactory" name="spring" class ="org.apache.struts2.spring.StrutsSpringObjectFactory" />
<!-- Make the Spring object factory the automatic default -->
<constant name="struts.objectFactory" value="spring" />
<constant name="struts.class.reloading.watchList" value="" />
<constant name="struts.class.reloading.acceptClasses" value="" />
<constant name="struts.class.reloading.reloadConfig" value="false" />
<package name="spring-default">
<interceptors>
<interceptor name="autowiring" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.interceptor.ActionAutowiringInterceptor"/>
</interceptors>
</package>
</struts>
这里它将struts2框架常量struts.objectFactory设置为"spring"，这里其实是使用了缩写形式，全称是"org.apache.struts2.spring.StrutsSpringObjectFactory"。这个缩写的"spring"是和bean配置中的name属性相对应的。默认情况下struts2框架创建的对象都是由ObjectFactory实例化的，ObjectFactory提供了与其他IoC容器(如Spring等)集成的方法。覆盖这个ObjectFactory的类必须继承ObjectFactory类或者它的任何子类，并且带有一个无参构造方法或者构造方法中的参数全部使用struts2的@Inject注解。上述代码使用org.apache.struts2.spring.StrutsSpringObjectFactory代替了默认的ObjectFactory。该ObjectFactory使得struts2中的bean可以由spring来装配，默认情况下框架使用的自动装配策略是name，也就是说框架会根据spring中bean的name属性自动装配，可选的装配策略还有type、auto、constructor，我们可以根据常量struts.objectFactory.spring.autoWire来进行设置。
在struts2与spring进行整合的时候还需要在web.xml中添加如下信息来启动spring：
<listener>
<listener-class >org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class >
</listener>
但如果没有配置这个会出现什么情况呢？如果未配置上述代码，启动web服务器会出现如下错误FATAL 2011-12-28 11:53:34:272 - ********** FATAL ERROR STARTING UP
STRUTS-SPRING INTEGRATION ********** Looks like the Spring listener was not configured for your web app! Nothing will work until WebApplicationContextUtils returns a valid ApplicationContext. You might need to add the following to web.xml: <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> ERROR 2011-12-28 11:53:34:288 - Dispatcher initialization failed java.lang.NullPointerException at com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.SpringObjectFactory.getClassInstance(SpringObjectFactory.java:220) …………
错误中显示是出现了NullPointerException(SpringObjectFactory.java:220), 出现该异常的代码是：
if(appContext.containsBean(className))
此处的appContext是org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext，说明在SpringObjectFactory类(StrutsSpringObjectFactory的直接父类)中需要存在org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext对象的引用，此处的 ApplicationContext需要什么时候进行装配呢？在StrutsSpringObjectFactory类中只存在一个构造方法
public class StrutsSpringObjectFactory extends SpringObjectFactory {
private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(StrutsSpringObjectFactory.class);
//@Inject
//public StrutsSpringObjectFactory(
// @Inject(value=StrutsConstants.STRUTS_OBJECTFACTORY_SPRING_AUTOWIRE,required=false) String autoWire,
// @Inject(value=StrutsConstants.STRUTS_OBJECTFACTORY_SPRING_USE_CLASS_CACHE,required=false) String useClassCacheStr,
// @Inject ServletContext servletContext) {
// this(autoWire, "false", useClassCacheStr, servletContext);
//}
/**
* Constructs the spring object factory
* @param autoWire The type of autowiring to use
* @param alwaysAutoWire Whether to always respect the autowiring or not
* @param useClassCacheStr Whether to use the class cache or not
* @param servletContext The servlet context
* @since 2.1.3
*/
@Inject
public StrutsSpringObjectFactory(
@Inject(value=StrutsConstants.STRUTS_OBJECTFACTORY_SPRING_AUTOWIRE,required=false) String autoWire,
@Inject(value=StrutsConstants.STRUTS_OBJECTFACTORY_SPRING_AUTOWIRE_ALWAYS_RESPECT,required=false) String alwaysAutoWire,
@Inject(value=StrutsConstants.STRUTS_OBJECTFACTORY_SPRING_USE_CLASS_CACHE,required=false) String useClassCacheStr,
@Inject ServletContext servletContext,
@Inject(StrutsConstants.STRUTS_DEVMODE) String devMode,
@Inject Container container) {
super();
boolean useClassCache = "true".equals(useClassCacheStr);
LOG.info("Initializing Struts-Spring integration...");
Object rootWebApplicationContext = servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE);
if(rootWebApplicationContext instanceof RuntimeException){
RuntimeException runtimeException = (RuntimeException)rootWebApplicationContext;
LOG.fatal(runtimeException.getMessage());
return;
}
ApplicationContext appContext = (ApplicationContext) rootWebApplicationContext;
if (appContext == null) {
// uh oh! looks like the lifecycle listener wasn't installed. Let's inform the user
String message = "********** FATAL ERROR STARTING UP STRUTS-SPRING INTEGRATION **********\n" +
"Looks like the Spring listener was not configured for your web app! \n" +
"Nothing will work until WebApplicationContextUtils returns a valid ApplicationContext.\n" +
"You might need to add the following to web.xml: \n" +
" <listener>\n" +
" <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>\n" +
" </listener>";
LOG.fatal(message);
return;
}
String watchList = container.getInstance(String.class, "struts.class.reloading.watchList");
String acceptClasses = container.getInstance(String.class, "struts.class.reloading.acceptClasses");
String reloadConfig = container.getInstance(String.class, "struts.class.reloading.reloadConfig");
if ("true".equals(devMode)
&& StringUtils.isNotBlank(watchList)
&& appContext instanceof ClassReloadingXMLWebApplicationContext) {
//prevent class caching
useClassCache = false;
ClassReloadingXMLWebApplicationContext reloadingContext = (ClassReloadingXMLWebApplicationContext) appContext;
reloadingContext.setupReloading(watchList.split(","), acceptClasses, servletContext, "true".equals(reloadConfig));
LOG.info("Class reloading is enabled. Make sure this is not used on a production environment!", watchList);
setClassLoader(reloadingContext.getReloadingClassLoader());
//we need to reload the context, so our isntance of the factory is picked up
reloadingContext.refresh();
}
this.setApplicationContext(appContext);
int type = AutowireCapableBeanFactory.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME; // default
if ("name".equals(autoWire)) {
type = AutowireCapableBeanFactory.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME;
} else if ("type".equals(autoWire)) {
type = AutowireCapableBeanFactory.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE;
} else if ("auto".equals(autoWire)) {
type = AutowireCapableBeanFactory.AUTOWIRE_AUTODETECT;
} else if ("constructor".equals(autoWire)) {
type = AutowireCapableBeanFactory.AUTOWIRE_CONSTRUCTOR;
} else if ("no".equals(autoWire)) {
type = AutowireCapableBeanFactory.AUTOWIRE_NO;
}
this.setAutowireStrategy(type);
this.setUseClassCache(useClassCache);
this.setAlwaysRespectAutowireStrategy("true".equalsIgnoreCase(alwaysAutoWire));
LOG.info("... initialized Struts-Spring integration successfully");
}
}
在上述代码中从servletContext中取到一个名称为"org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext.ROOT"的属性值，将其强制转换为ApplicationContext类型，之后调用SpringObjectFactory类setApplicationContext方法将spring上下文传递给了SpringObjectFactory。spring上下文是什么时候放置到servletContext中的呢？我们接下来看一下org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener类，这个监听器到底做了什么？ 我们知道ContextLoaderListener是在服务器初始化的时候执行contextInitialized这个方法，该方法的代码如下：
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
this.contextLoader = createContextLoader();
this.contextLoader.initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
}
可以看出主要起作用的应该是initWebApplicationContext方法，初始化WebApplicationContext，我们进去看看：
public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext)
throws IllegalStateException, BeansException {
if (servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE) != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Cannot initialize context because there is already a root application context present - " +
"check whether you have multiple ContextLoader* definitions in your web.xml!");
}
servletContext.log("Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext");
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization started");
}
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
try {
// Determine parent for root web application context, if any.
ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);
// Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that
// it is available on ServletContext shutdown.
this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext, parent);
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);
currentContextPerThread.put(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), this.context);
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Published root WebApplicationContext as ServletContext attribute with name [" +
WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE + "]");
}
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in " + elapsedTime + " ms");
}
return this.context;
}
catch (RuntimeException ex) {
logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, ex);
throw ex;
}
catch (Error err) {
logger.error("Context initialization failed", err);
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, err);
throw err;
}
}
上面代码，将spring上下文放置到了servletContext中，因此只要通过org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener类启动了spring，那么在struts2中通过servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE)或者ActionContext.getContext().getApplication().get(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE)就能取到spring上下文对象
spring把ApplicationContext放在application里面，然后struts2在application中把这个对象取出来，放在SpringObjectFactory里面，然后struts2与spring就实现了集成，当我们没有在web.xml里面配置监听器，也就是没有把ApplicationContext的对象放在application里面，所以struts2去application里面去取的时候会是null，这就是为什么没有配置监听器那里会抛NullPointerException异常。
当struts2和spring集成之后，struts2将允许Spring创建Action、Interceptror和Result,并且由Struts创建的对象能够被Spring装配。这样就可以在配置action时不使用类名，而使用spring中bean的name值了。如果在spring中找不到与Action的class值相匹配的bean，struts2框架会根据class值初始化一个action对象，并对action对象进行装配。
其实SpringObjectFactory已经对Action对象注入了ApplicationContext和其他struts2对象，那么autowiring拦截器岂不是没用了？有一种情况，当项目中同时使用了Struts2和spring，但未将struts.objectFactory的值设置为"spring"，即Struts2的objectFactory还是默认的ObjectFactory类，这样action中就不会被注入spring的上下文对象，就需要使用autowiring拦截器了。autowiring拦截器会从application中获取到spring上下文对象，初始化一个SpringObjectFactory对象，使用该对象对Action对象进行装配。
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