python入门2

数字模块：math random

>>> s = 'spam'
>>> len(s)
4
>>> s[0]
's'
>>> s[-1]
'm'
>>> s[-2]
'a'
>>> s[1:]
'pam'
>>> s[0:3]
'spa'
>>> s+'meto'
'spammeto'
>>> s
'spam'
>>> s*5
'spamspamspamspamspam'
>>> #字符串在Python具有不可变性
>>> s[0]='z'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#41>", line 1, in <module>
    s[0]='z'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
>>> s = 'z' + s[1:]
>>> s
'zpam'
#find和replace方法
>>> s.find('pa')
1
>>> s.replace('pa','me')
'zmem'
>>> s
'zpam'

>>> s.find('pa')
1
>>> s.replace('pa','me')
'zmem'
>>> s
'zpam'
>>> line = 'aa,bb,cc,dd'
>>> line.split(',')
['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd']
>>> line.upper()
'AA,BB,CC,DD'
>>> line
'aa,bb,cc,dd'
>>> line.isalpha()
False
#字符串模块里的属性和方法查看
>>> dir(s)
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
>>> help(s.rfind)
Help on built-in function rfind:

rfind(...) method of builtins.str instance
    S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int

    Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
    such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

    Return -1 on failure.


>>> #模式匹配
>>> import re
>>> match = re.match('hello[\t]*(.*)world','hello python world')
>>> match.group(1)
' python '
>>> dir(re)
['A', 'ASCII', 'DEBUG', 'DOTALL', 'I', 'IGNORECASE', 'L', 'LOCALE', 'M', 'MULTILINE', 'S', 'Scanner', 'T', 'TEMPLATE', 'U', 'UNICODE', 'VERBOSE', 'X', '_MAXCACHE', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '__version__', '_alphanum_bytes', '_alphanum_str', '_cache', '_cache_repl', '_compile', '_compile_repl', '_expand', '_locale', '_pattern_type', '_pickle', '_subx', 'compile', 'copyreg', 'error', 'escape', 'findall', 'finditer', 'fullmatch', 'match', 'purge', 'search', 'split', 'sre_compile', 'sre_parse', 'sub', 'subn', 'sys', 'template']
>>> dir(match)
['__class__', '__copy__', '__deepcopy__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'end', 'endpos', 'expand', 'group', 'groupdict', 'groups', 'lastgroup', 'lastindex', 'pos', 're', 'regs', 'span', 'start', 'string']


>>> #列表
>>> L = [123, 'spam', 1.23]
>>> len(L)
3
>>> L+[23, 'me', 'to']
[123, 'spam', 1.23, 23, 'me', 'to']
>>> L
[123, 'spam', 1.23]
>>> L = L+[23, 'me', 'to']
>>> L
[123, 'spam', 1.23, 23, 'me', 'to']
>>> 
>>> 
>>> #在列表中增加元素
>>> L.append(45)
>>> L
[123, 'spam', 1.23, 23, 'me', 'to', 45]
>>> #在list delete元素
>>> L.pop(3)
23
>>> L
[123, 'spam', 1.23, 'me', 'to', 45]
>>> 
>>> #列表的排序和翻转
>>> M = ['bb', 'aa', 'cc']
>>> M.sort()
>>> M
['aa', 'bb', 'cc']
>>> M.reverse()
>>> M
['cc', 'bb', 'aa']
>>> 
>>> #嵌套列表
>>> M = [
    [1,2,3],
    [4,5,6],
    [7,8,9]
    ]
>>> M
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> M[1]
[4, 5, 6]
>>> M[2][1]
8
>>> #列表的解析
>>> 
>>> col2 = [row[1] for row in M]
>>> col2
[2, 5, 8]
>>> 
>>> [row[1] for row in M if row[1]%2==0]
[2, 8]
>>> 
>>> 
>>> diag = [M[i][i] for i in [0,1,2]]
>>> diag
[1, 5, 9]
>>> 
>>> 
>>> doubles = [c * 2 for c in 'spam']
>>> doubles
['ss', 'pp', 'aa', 'mm']

>>> #用解析来创建列表、集合、字典
>>> [ord(x) for x in 'spam']
[115, 112, 97, 109]
>>> {ord(x) for x in 'spam'}
{112, 97, 115, 109}
>>> {x: ord(x) for x in 'spam'}
{'s': 115, 'p': 112, 'm': 109, 'a': 97}

>>> #字典
>>> #映射操作
>>> D = {'food':'spam', 'quantity':4, 'color':'pink'}
>>> D
{'food': 'spam', 'quantity': 4, 'color': 'pink'}
>>> d['food']
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#131>", line 1, in <module>
    d['food']
NameError: name 'd' is not defined
>>> D['food']
'spam'
>>> 
>>> #另一种创建方法
>>> D = {}
>>> D['name']='me'
>>> D['job']='dev'
>>> D['sex']='falme'
>>> D
{'name': 'me', 'job': 'dev', 'sex': 'falme'}
>>> print(D['job'])
dev
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> #重访嵌套
>>> rec = {'name':{'first':'Bob','last':'Smith'}, 'job':['dev','mgr'],'age':40.5}
>>> rec
{'name': {'last': 'Smith', 'first': 'Bob'}, 'age': 40.5, 'job': ['dev', 'mgr']}
>>> 
>>> rec['name']
{'last': 'Smith', 'first': 'Bob'}
>>> rec['name']['last']
'Smith'
>>> 
>>> 
>>> rec['job']
['dev', 'mgr']
>>> rec['job'][1]
'mgr'

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