文思海辉那道编程比赛的题目

题目详情

甲乙两个人用一个英语单词玩游戏。两个人轮流进行，每个人每次从中删掉任意一个字母，如果剩余的字母序列是严格单调递增的（按字典序a < b < c <....<z)，则这个人胜利。两个人都足够聪明（即如果有赢的方案，都不会选输的方案 ），甲先开始，问他能赢么？

输入： 一连串英文小写字母，长度不超过15,保证最开始的状态不是一个严格单增的序列。

输出：1表示甲可以赢，0表示甲不能赢。

例如: 输入 bad， 则甲可以删掉b或者a,剩余的是ad或者bd，他就赢了，输出1。

又如: 输入 aaa， 则甲只能删掉1个a，乙删掉一个a,剩余1个a，乙获胜，输出0。

解题思路：

这实际上是一个博弈问题，在一个状态图中计算必败态和胜态。状态图中的结点就是字符串，甲乙两人每走一步都会导致状态的变化。这是一个无偏博弈，对于任意一个输入的字符串而言，状态图中的必败态和胜态都是确定的。因为两人都足够聪明，所以，从一开始胜负就已经确定。

初始的必败态是逆序为0的字符串，而且对于逆序为0的字符串来说，在状态图中就不再有出边了。

例如，对于字符串cbad而言，其状态图如下：

这个状态图中列出了所有可能的状态转换。其中红色的为必败态，其他颜色为胜态，因为初始字符串是胜态，所以甲赢。

但是从图中可以看出，甲赢的途径只有一个就是删除d，状态转换为cba，这样乙就面临必败态，怎么走都是败。因为甲足够聪明，所以最终是甲赢。

本人完成了一个程序，下面是一些小的例子；

输入：cbad

状态图：cbad-->bad; cbad-->cad; cbad-->cbd; cbad-->cba; cba-->ba; cba-->ca; cba-->cb; cbd-->bd; cbd-->cd; cbd-->cb; cad-->ad; cad-->cd; cad-->ca; bad-->ad; bad-->bd; bad-->ba; cb-->b; cb-->c; ca-->a; ca-->c; ba-->a; ba-->b
胜态：cbad, cb, ca, ba, cbd, cad, bad

必败态：cba, ad, cd, bd, a, c, b

结局：甲赢

输入：abdecgk

状态图：abdecgk-->bdecgk; abdecgk-->adecgk; abdecgk-->abecgk; abdecgk-->abdcgk; abdecgk-->abdegk; abdecgk-->abdeck; abdecgk-->abdecg; abdecg-->bdecg; abdecg-->adecg; abdecg-->abecg; abdecg-->abdcg; abdecg-->abdeg; abdecg-->abdec; abdeck-->bdeck; abdeck-->adeck; abdeck-->abeck; abdeck-->abdck; abdeck-->abdek; abdeck-->abdec; abdcgk-->bdcgk; abdcgk-->adcgk; abdcgk-->abcgk; abdcgk-->abdgk; abdcgk-->abdck; abdcgk-->abdcg; abecgk-->becgk; abecgk-->aecgk; abecgk-->abcgk; abecgk-->abegk; abecgk-->abeck; abecgk-->abecg; adecgk-->decgk; adecgk-->aecgk; adecgk-->adcgk; adecgk-->adegk; adecgk-->adeck; adecgk-->adecg; bdecgk-->decgk; bdecgk-->becgk; bdecgk-->bdcgk; bdecgk-->bdegk; bdecgk-->bdeck; bdecgk-->bdecg; decgk-->ecgk; decgk-->dcgk; decgk-->degk; decgk-->deck; decgk-->decg; aecgk-->ecgk; aecgk-->acgk; aecgk-->aegk; aecgk-->aeck; aecgk-->aecg; becgk-->ecgk; becgk-->bcgk; becgk-->begk; becgk-->beck; becgk-->becg; adcgk-->dcgk; adcgk-->acgk; adcgk-->adgk; adcgk-->adck; adcgk-->adcg; bdcgk-->dcgk; bdcgk-->bcgk; bdcgk-->bdgk; bdcgk-->bdck; bdcgk-->bdcg; abdck-->bdck; abdck-->adck; abdck-->abck; abdck-->abdk; abdck-->abdc; abeck-->beck; abeck-->aeck; abeck-->abck; abeck-->abek; abeck-->abec; adeck-->deck; adeck-->aeck; adeck-->adck; adeck-->adek; adeck-->adec; bdeck-->deck; bdeck-->beck; bdeck-->bdck; bdeck-->bdek; bdeck-->bdec; abdec-->bdec; abdec-->adec; abdec-->abec; abdec-->abdc; abdec-->abde; abdcg-->bdcg; abdcg-->adcg; abdcg-->abcg; abdcg-->abdg; abdcg-->abdc; abecg-->becg; abecg-->aecg; abecg-->abcg; abecg-->abeg; abecg-->abec; adecg-->decg; adecg-->aecg; adecg-->adcg; adecg-->adeg; adecg-->adec; bdecg-->decg; bdecg-->becg; bdecg-->bdcg; bdecg-->bdeg; bdecg-->bdec; bdec-->dec; bdec-->bec; bdec-->bdc; bdec-->bde; adec-->dec; adec-->aec; adec-->adc; adec-->ade; abec-->bec; abec-->aec; abec-->abc; abec-->abe; abdc-->bdc; abdc-->adc; abdc-->abc; abdc-->abd; bdcg-->dcg; bdcg-->bcg; bdcg-->bdg; bdcg-->bdc; bdck-->dck; bdck-->bck; bdck-->bdk; bdck-->bdc; adcg-->dcg; adcg-->acg; adcg-->adg; adcg-->adc; adck-->dck; adck-->ack; adck-->adk; adck-->adc; becg-->ecg; becg-->bcg; becg-->beg; becg-->bec; beck-->eck; beck-->bck; beck-->bek; beck-->bec; aecg-->ecg; aecg-->acg; aecg-->aeg; aecg-->aec; aeck-->eck; aeck-->ack; aeck-->aek; aeck-->aec; decg-->ecg; decg-->dcg; decg-->deg; decg-->dec; deck-->eck; deck-->dck; deck-->dek; deck-->dec; dcgk-->cgk; dcgk-->dgk; dcgk-->dck; dcgk-->dcg; ecgk-->cgk; ecgk-->egk; ecgk-->eck; ecgk-->ecg; eck-->ck; eck-->ek; eck-->ec; ecg-->cg; ecg-->eg; ecg-->ec; dck-->ck; dck-->dk; dck-->dc; dcg-->cg; dcg-->dg; dcg-->dc; adc-->dc; adc-->ac; adc-->ad; aec-->ec; aec-->ac; aec-->ae; bdc-->dc; bdc-->bc; bdc-->bd; bec-->ec; bec-->bc; bec-->be; dec-->ec; dec-->dc; dec-->de; dc-->c; dc-->d; ec-->c; ec-->e

胜态：dc, ec, eck, ecg, dck, dcg, adc, aec, bdc, bec, dec, bdec, adec, abec, abdc, bdcg, bdck, adcg, adck, becg, beck, aecg, aeck, decg, deck, dcgk, ecgk, decgk, aecgk, becgk, adcgk, bdcgk, abdck, abeck, adeck, bdeck, abdec, abdcg, abecg, adecg, bdecg, abdecg, abdeck, abdcgk, abecgk, adecgk, bdecgk, abdecgk

败态：abdegk, bdegk, adegk, abegk, abdgk, abcgk, abdek, abdeg, bdeg, adeg, abeg, abdg, abcg, abde, bdek, adek, abek, abdk, abck, bdgk, adgk, begk, bcgk, aegk, acgk, degk, egk, dgk, cgk, dek, deg, aek, aeg, bek, beg, adk, ack, adg, acg, bdk, bck, bdg, bcg, abd, abe, abc, ade, bde, de, be, bd, bc, ae, ad, ac, dg, dk, eg, cg, ek, ck, e, d, c

结局：甲胜。

输入：acbjiaa

状态图：略

胜态：acbjia, acbjaa, acbiaa, acjiaa, abjiaa, cbjiaa, cbja, acba, cbia, cbaa, abaa, acaa, cjia, ajia, bjia, cjaa, ajaa, bjaa, ciaa, aiaa, biaa, jiaa, acbji, cbjia, cb, ba, ca, aa, ia, ji, ja, aia, cia, bia, cbi, aca, aba, acb, aja, aji, cja, cji, bja, bji, cbj, abja, acbj, acja, abji, abia, acbi, acji, acia

败态：acbjiaa, bjiaa, ajiaa, cjiaa, aciaa, abiaa, cbiaa, acbaa, acjaa, abjaa, cbjaa, acbja, acbia, acjia, abjia, cbji, iaa, jaa, jia, aaa, caa, baa, cba, aci, abi, acj, abj, bj, cj, aj, ab, ac, bi, ci, ai, j, i, a, c, b

结局：甲输

本人参加了比赛，可是提交代码之后，貌似因为时间超过三秒，根本没资格获奖了，不知为何，悲催？

因此把解题过程列出来，与各位交流。