Android中的软引用(SoftRefrerence)和弱引用(WeakReference)

   在Android开发中,基本上很少有用到软引用或弱引用,这两个东东若用的很好,对自己开发的代码质量的提高有很大的帮助。若用的不好,会坑了自己。所以,在还没有真正的去了解它们之前,还是慎用比较好。

   下面将通过两个Demo来结识软引用和弱引用在开发中的运用。

   一. WeakReference:防止内存泄漏,要保证内存被虚拟机回收。

        下面以一个时间更新的Demo来说明弱引用的运用。

         1. main.xml文件代码如下:   

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical" >

    <com.stevenhu.wrt.DigitalClock
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:orientation="horizontal">
        
        <TextView android:id="@+id/time"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:textSize="50pt"
            />
        
        <TextView android:id="@+id/ampm"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:textSize="25pt"
            />
        
    </com.stevenhu.wrt.DigitalClock>

</LinearLayout>
       2.自定义ViewGroup类DigitalClock的代码如下:

package com.stevenhu.wrt;

import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.text.DateFormatSymbols;
import java.util.Calendar;

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.IntentFilter;
import android.database.ContentObserver;
import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.provider.Settings;
import android.text.format.DateFormat;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class DigitalClock extends LinearLayout {
	// 12小时、24小时制
	private final static String M12 = "h:mm";
	private final static String M24 = "kk:mm";

	private Calendar mCalendar;
	private String mFormat;
	private TextView mDislpayTime;
	private AmPm mAmPm;
	private ContentObserver mFormatChangeObserver;
	private final Handler mHandler = new Handler();
	private BroadcastReceiver mReceiver;
	private Context mContext;

	public DigitalClock(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
		super(context, attrs);
		mContext = context;
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	@Override
	protected void onFinishInflate() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		super.onFinishInflate();
		mDislpayTime = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.time);
		mAmPm = new AmPm(this);
		mCalendar = Calendar.getInstance();
		//设置时间显示格式
		setDateFormat();
	}

	@Override
	protected void onAttachedToWindow() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		super.onAttachedToWindow();
		
		//动态注册监听时间改变的广播
		if (mReceiver == null) {
			mReceiver = new TimeChangedReceiver(this);
			IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter();
			filter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_TIME_TICK);
			filter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_TIME_CHANGED);
			filter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_TIMEZONE_CHANGED);
			mContext.registerReceiver(mReceiver, filter);
		}

		//注册监听时间格式改变的ContentObserver
		if (mFormatChangeObserver == null) {
			mFormatChangeObserver = new FormatChangeObserver(this);
			mContext.getContentResolver().registerContentObserver(
					Settings.System.CONTENT_URI, true, mFormatChangeObserver);
		}

		//更新时间
		updateTime();
	}

	@Override
	protected void onDetachedFromWindow() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		super.onDetachedFromWindow();

		if (mReceiver != null) {
			mContext.unregisterReceiver(mReceiver);
		}
		if (mFormatChangeObserver != null) {
			mContext.getContentResolver().unregisterContentObserver(
					mFormatChangeObserver);
		}

		mFormatChangeObserver = null;
		mReceiver = null;
	}

	static class AmPm {
		private TextView mAmPmTextView;
		private String mAmString, mPmString;

		AmPm(View parent) {
			mAmPmTextView = (TextView) parent.findViewById(R.id.ampm);
			String[] ampm = new DateFormatSymbols().getAmPmStrings();
			mAmString = ampm[0];
			mPmString = ampm[1];
		}

		void setShowAmPm(boolean show) {
			if (mAmPmTextView != null) {
				mAmPmTextView.setVisibility(show ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE);
			}
		}

		void setIsMorning(boolean isMorning) {
			if (mAmPmTextView != null) {
				mAmPmTextView.setText(isMorning ? mAmString : mPmString);
			}
		}
	}

	/*时间刷新涉及到View的更新显示(特别是每秒刷新显示,这样的频率特别高),当然,此处的时间显示是每分钟更新一次
	 * 所以在监听时间更新的广播中采用弱引用,防止在不断刷新当前界面View时产生内存泄露
	 */
	private static class TimeChangedReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
		
		//采用弱引用
		private WeakReference<DigitalClock> mClock;
		private Context mContext;

		public TimeChangedReceiver(DigitalClock clock) {
			mClock = new WeakReference<DigitalClock>(clock);
			mContext = clock.getContext();
		}

		@Override
		public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
			
			// Post a runnable to avoid blocking the broadcast.
			final boolean timezoneChanged = intent.getAction().equals(
					Intent.ACTION_TIMEZONE_CHANGED);
			//从弱引用中获取对象
			final DigitalClock clock = mClock.get();
			if (clock != null) {
				clock.mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
					public void run() {
						if (timezoneChanged) {
							clock.mCalendar = Calendar.getInstance();
						}
						clock.updateTime();
					}
				});
			} else {
				try {
					mContext.unregisterReceiver(this);
				} catch (RuntimeException e) {
					// Shouldn't happen
				}
			}
		}
	};

	// 监听时间显示的格式改变
	private static class FormatChangeObserver extends ContentObserver {
		// 采用弱应用
		private WeakReference<DigitalClock> mClock;
		private Context mContext;

		public FormatChangeObserver(DigitalClock clock) {
			super(new Handler());
			mClock = new WeakReference<DigitalClock>(clock);
			mContext = clock.getContext();
		}

		@Override
		public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
			DigitalClock digitalClock = mClock.get();
			//从弱引用中取出对象
			if (digitalClock != null) {
				//根据弱引用中取出的对象进行时间更新
				digitalClock.setDateFormat();
				digitalClock.updateTime();
			} else {
				try {
					mContext.getContentResolver().unregisterContentObserver(
							this);
				} catch (RuntimeException e) {
					// Shouldn't happen
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// 更新时间
	private void updateTime() {
		Toast.makeText(mContext, "updateTime", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
		mCalendar.setTimeInMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());

		CharSequence newTime = DateFormat.format(mFormat, mCalendar);
		mDislpayTime.setText(newTime);
		mAmPm.setIsMorning(mCalendar.get(Calendar.AM_PM) == 0);
	}

	private void setDateFormat() {
		// 获取时间制
		mFormat = android.text.format.DateFormat.is24HourFormat(getContext()) ? M24
				: M12;
		// 根据时间制显示上午、下午
		mAmPm.setShowAmPm(mFormat.equals(M12));
	}
	
	@Override
	protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		super.onDraw(canvas);
		//Toast.makeText(mContext, "ddd", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
	}
}
      3.MainActivity的代码如下:  

package com.stevenhu.wrt;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {
    /** Called when the activity is first created. */
    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }
}
  
    二. SoftReference:实现缓存机制

     下面的Demo实现从网络上获取图片,然后将获取的图片显示的同时,通过软引用缓存起来。当下次再去网络上获取图片时,首先会检查要获取的图片缓存中是否存在,若存在,直接取出来,不需要再去网络上获取。

     1.main.xml文件代码如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical" >

   <Button 
       android:id="@+id/get_image"
       android:layout_width="fill_parent"
       android:layout_height="wrap_content"
       android:text="get Image"/>
   
   <LinearLayout 
       android:layout_width="match_parent"
       android:layout_height="match_parent"
       android:orientation="vertical">
    <ImageView 
       android:id="@+id/one"
       android:layout_width="wrap_content"
       android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
   
    <ImageView 
       android:id="@+id/two"
       android:layout_width="wrap_content"
       android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
    
     <ImageView 
       android:id="@+id/three"
       android:layout_width="wrap_content"
       android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
   </LinearLayout>
  
</LinearLayout>
    2.实现异步加载图片功能的类AsyncImageLoader代码如下:

package com.stevenhu.lit;

import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;

//实现图片异步加载的类
public class AsyncImageLoader 
{
	//以Url为键,SoftReference为值,建立缓存HashMap键值对。
	private Map<String, SoftReference<Drawable>> mImageCache = 
		new HashMap<String, SoftReference<Drawable>>();
	
	//实现图片异步加载
	public Drawable loadDrawable(final String imageUrl, final ImageCallback callback)
	{
		//查询缓存,查看当前需要下载的图片是否在缓存中
		if(mImageCache.containsKey(imageUrl))
		{
			SoftReference<Drawable> softReference = mImageCache.get(imageUrl);
			if (softReference.get() != null)
			{
				return softReference.get();
			}
		}
		
		final Handler handler = new Handler()
		{
			@Override
			public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) 
			{
				//回调ImageCallbackImpl中的imageLoad方法,在主线(UI线程)中执行。
				callback.imageLoad((Drawable)msg.obj);
			}
		};
		
		/*若缓存中没有,新开辟一个线程,用于进行从网络上下载图片,
		 * 然后将获取到的Drawable发送到Handler中处理,通过回调实现在UI线程中显示获取的图片
		 */
		new Thread()
		{		
			public void run() 
			{
				Drawable drawable = loadImageFromUrl(imageUrl);
				//将得到的图片存放到缓存中
				mImageCache.put(imageUrl, new SoftReference<Drawable>(drawable));
				Message message = handler.obtainMessage(0, drawable);
				handler.sendMessage(message);
			};
		}.start();
		
		//若缓存中不存在,将从网上下载显示完成后,此处返回null;
		return null;
		
	}
	
	//定义一个回调接口
	public interface ImageCallback
	{
		void imageLoad(Drawable drawable);
	}
	
	//通过Url从网上获取图片Drawable对象;
	protected Drawable loadImageFromUrl(String imageUrl)
	{
		try {
			return Drawable.createFromStream(new URL(imageUrl).openStream(),"debug");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			// TODO: handle exception
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
	}
}
     3. 实现ImageCallback回调接口的类ImageCallbackImpl代码如下:

package com.stevenhu.lit;

import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
import android.widget.ImageView;

import com.stevenhu.lit.AsyncImageLoader.ImageCallback;

public class ImageCallbackImpl implements ImageCallback
{

	private ImageView mImageView;
	
	public ImageCallbackImpl(ImageView imageView)
	{
		mImageView = imageView;
	}
	
	//在ImageView中显示从网上获取的图片
	@Override
	public void imageLoad(Drawable drawable) 
	{
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		mImageView.setImageDrawable(drawable);
	}

}
     4.MainActivity的代码如下:

package com.stevenhu.lit;


import android.app.Activity;
import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ImageView;

public class MainActivity extends Activity implements OnClickListener
{
	//创建异步加载图片类对象
	private AsyncImageLoader mImageLoader = new AsyncImageLoader();
	
    /** Called when the activity is first created. */
    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) 
    {
    	
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
        Button get = (Button)findViewById(R.id.get_image);
        get.setOnClickListener(this);
    }
    
    private void loadImage(final String url, final int id)
    {
    	ImageView imageView = (ImageView)findViewById(id);
    	ImageCallbackImpl callbackImpl = new ImageCallbackImpl(imageView);
    	Drawable cacheImage = mImageLoader.loadDrawable(url, callbackImpl);
    	//若缓存中存在,直接取出来显示
    	if (cacheImage != null)
    	{
    		imageView.setImageDrawable(cacheImage);
    	}
    }

	@Override
	public void onClick(View v) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if (v.getId() == R.id.get_image)
		{
			//从网络上获取海贼王的三张图片显示
			loadImage("http://wenwen.soso.com/p/20111003/20111003194816-1615366606.jpg", R.id.one);
	        loadImage("http://t10.baidu.com/it/u=2492256852,4267838923&fm=23&gp=0.jpg", R.id.two);
	        loadImage("http://wenwen.soso.com/p/20100410/20100410102416-1948049438.jpg", R.id.three);
		}
		
	}
		
}      

 最后,对于这两者,作个小总结:

   1.  SoftReference<T>:软引用-->当虚拟机内存不足时,将会回收它指向的对象;需要获取对象时,可以调用get方法。

    2.  WeakReference<T>:弱引用-->随时可能会被垃圾回收器回收,不一定要等到虚拟机内存不足时才强制回收。要获取对象时,同样可以调用get方法。

    3. WeakReference一般用来防止内存泄漏,要保证内存被虚拟机回收,SoftReference多用作来实现缓存机制(cache);

                       两个Demo的下载链接如下:http://download.csdn.net/detail/stevenhu_223/6855591

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