一个Activity的显示过程总结(四)

有兴趣自己看Android源码的同学可以前往: http://grepcode.com/project/repository.grepcode.com/java/ext/com.google.android/android/
本博客分析的Android版本为4.4


上一篇博客传送门:一个Activity的显示过程总结(三)


上一篇博客我们讲到了ViewRoot中与UI相关的三个重要步骤:performMeasure(测量)、performLayout(布局)和performDraw(绘制),这次我们就来重点研究一下这三个方法。先上图说明三个方法的关系:

measure、layout、draw

measure流程

在performTraversals中有多次measure的流程,我们只分析其中一次即可:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    final WindowManager.LayoutParams mWindowAttributes = new WindowManager.LayoutParams();
    private void performTraversals() {
    	...
        WindowManager.LayoutParams lp = mWindowAttributes;
				...
                    int childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mWidth, lp.width);
                    int childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mHeight, lp.height);

                    ...

                     // Ask host how big it wants to be
                    performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);

                   ...
    }

首先我们构造了一个WindowManager.LayoutParams对象:mWindowAttributes,其中包含了有关于Window(最外层布局)的信息。在performTraversals中,我们把它赋值给了lp,并通过getRootMeasureSpec方法返回了两个关键的测量量。我们一起来看看getRootMeasureSpec方法:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    /**
     * Figures out the measure spec for the root view in a window based on it's
     * layout params.
     *
     * @param windowSize
     *            The available width or height of the window
     *
     * @param rootDimension
     *            The layout params for one dimension (width or height) of the
     *            window.
     *
     * @return The measure spec to use to measure the root view.
     */
    private static int getRootMeasureSpec(int windowSize, int rootDimension) {
        int measureSpec;
        switch (rootDimension) {

        case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT:
            // Window can't resize. Force root view to be windowSize.
            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY);
            break;
        case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT:
            // Window can resize. Set max size for root view.
            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.AT_MOST);
            break;
        default:
            // Window wants to be an exact size. Force root view to be that size.
            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rootDimension, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY);
            break;
        }
        return measureSpec;
    }

由该方法的注释我们可以得知这个方法是用来确定rootView(即DecorView)的measure spec(一个测量量)的。该方法传入两个参数,第一个是window的实际大小,第二个是window的尺寸(一般而言是MATCH_PARENT,即占满整个屏幕)。首先我们一起来看看MeasureSpec是什么东西:
(android.view.View)
    /**
     * A MeasureSpec encapsulates the layout requirements passed from parent to child.
     * Each MeasureSpec represents a requirement for either the width or the height.
     * A MeasureSpec is comprised of a size and a mode. There are three possible
     * modes:
     * UNSPECIFIED
     * The parent has not imposed any constraint on the child. It can be whatever size
     * it wants.
     * EXACTLY
     * The parent has determined an exact size for the child. The child is going to be
     * given those bounds regardless of how big it wants to be.
     * AT_MOST
     * The child can be as large as it wants up to the specified size.
     *
     * MeasureSpecs are implemented as ints to reduce object allocation. This class
     * is provided to pack and unpack thesize, mode tuple into the int.
     */
    public static class MeasureSpec {
        private static final int MODE_SHIFT = 30;
        private static final int MODE_MASK  = 0x3 << MODE_SHIFT;

        /**
         * Measure specification mode: The parent has not imposed any constraint
         * on the child. It can be whatever size it wants.
         */
        public static final int UNSPECIFIED = 0 << MODE_SHIFT;

        /**
         * Measure specification mode: The parent has determined an exact size
         * for the child. The child is going to be given those bounds regardless
         * of how big it wants to be.
         */
        public static final int EXACTLY     = 1 << MODE_SHIFT;

        /**
         * Measure specification mode: The child can be as large as it wants up
         * to the specified size.
         */
        public static final int AT_MOST     = 2 << MODE_SHIFT;

        public static int makeMeasureSpec(int size, int mode) {
            if (sUseBrokenMakeMeasureSpec) {
                return size + mode;
            } else {
                return (size & ~MODE_MASK) | (mode & MODE_MASK);
            }
        }

        ...
    }

MeasureSpec是View内部的一个静态类。根据其注释我们可以得知:MeasureSpec用于描述通过父类到子类的布局要求(子类布局与父类相关),每个MeasureSpec表示宽度或高度的要求,一个MeasureSpec由一个大小(size)和模式(mode)组成(其实就是一个int,32位,根据计算方法可知前2位表示mode,后30位表示size)。定义的模式有三种:
  • UNSPECIFIED:父类对子类没有任何约束
  • EXACTLY:父View已经测量出子Viwe所需要的精确大小,这时候View的最终大小就是SpecSize所指定的值。对应于match_parent和精确数值这两种模式
  • AT_MOST:子View的最终大小是父View指定的SpecSize值,并且子View的大小不能大于这个值,即对应wrap_content这种模式
makeMeasure方法的作用就是通过计算组合出一个合理的MeasureSpec。

回到getRootMeasureSpec,由于我们的Window默认是MATCH_PARENT,充满屏幕大小的,因此getRootMeasureSpec返回的MeasureSpec为:size是屏幕的宽、高,mode是EXACTLY。在获取了Window的MeasureSpec后,我们在performTraversals方法中调用了performMeasure方法,并把Window的MeasureSpec作为参数传入:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performMeasure(int childWidthMeasureSpec, int childHeightMeasureSpec) {
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW, "measure");
        try {
            mView.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
        } finally {
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
        }
    }

该方法调用了mView(即DecorView)的measure,由于View中的measure是个final方法,因此DecorView调用的方法即是View的measure方法:
(android.view.View)
    int mPrivateFlags;
    public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
        ...
        // 大致是强制需要测量的意思
        if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT) == PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT ||
                widthMeasureSpec != mOldWidthMeasureSpec ||
                heightMeasureSpec != mOldHeightMeasureSpec) {

            // first clears the measured dimension flag
            mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET;

            resolveRtlPropertiesIfNeeded();

            // measure ourselves, this should set the measured dimension flag back
            onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);

            // flag not set, setMeasuredDimension() was not invoked, we raise
            // an exception to warn the developer
            if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) != PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("onMeasure() did not set the"
                        + " measured dimension by calling"
                        + " setMeasuredDimension()");
            }

            mPrivateFlags |= PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED;
        }

        mOldWidthMeasureSpec = widthMeasureSpec;
        mOldHeightMeasureSpec = heightMeasureSpec;
    }

首先在View中出现了一个很重要的变量:mPrivateFlags,这是一个int类型的变量,它的每一个bit用于表示一种状态。这个变量在研究layout与draw方法时我们也能见到。
在measure中,如果当前的状态为需要强制测量,而传入的MeasureSpec又不等于旧值时,就会调用onMeasure方法。onMeasure方法是我们自定义View时候可以重写的方法(不能重写final方法measure),在重写onMeasure方法时有一点需要注意:我们需要在onMeasure方法中调用setMeasuredDimension方法设置宽与高,否则在第20行就会抛出IllegalStateException异常。
View提供的默认onMeasure实现就调用了setMeasuredDimension方法:
(android.view.View)
   protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
        setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec),
                getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec));
    }

总而言之,经过了measure流程,View的宽与高的大小就确定了。

layout流程

measure流程确定了View的大小,接下来的layout流程就要确定View的位置了,在performTraversals中我们调用了performLayout方法:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performTraversals() {
    		...
            performLayout(lp, desiredWindowWidth, desiredWindowHeight);
            ...
    }

(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performLayout(WindowManager.LayoutParams lp, int desiredWindowWidth,
            int desiredWindowHeight) {
        ...

        final View host = mView;
        ...
        try {
            host.layout(0, 0, host.getMeasuredWidth(), host.getMeasuredHeight());

            ...
    }

在performLayout中,我们调用了host(即DecorView)的layout方法,由于ViewGroup类重写了layout,我们来看看ViewGroup的layout方法:
(android.view.ViewGroup)
    @Override
    public final void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {
        if (!mSuppressLayout && (mTransition == null || !mTransition.isChangingLayout())) {
            if (mTransition != null) {
                mTransition.layoutChange(this);
            }
            super.layout(l, t, r, b);
        } else {
            // record the fact that we noop'd it; request layout when transition finishes
            mLayoutCalledWhileSuppressed = true;
        }
    }

貌似挖掘不了什么有用的信息,我们继续看看super调用的View的layout方法:
(android.view.View)
    public void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {
        int oldL = mLeft;
        int oldT = mTop;
        int oldB = mBottom;
        int oldR = mRight;
        boolean changed = isLayoutModeOptical(mParent) ?
                setOpticalFrame(l, t, r, b) : setFrame(l, t, r, b);
        if (changed || (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) == PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) {
            onLayout(changed, l, t, r, b);
            mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED;

            ...
        }
        mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT;
    }

该方法首先调用setFrame方法查看View的大小布局与上次相比是否发生变化,如果发生变化或mPrivateFlags的状态为需要进行layout,则调用onLayout进行布局。我们先来看看setFrame方法(setOpticalFrame内部也是通过setFrame方法完成):
(android.view.View)
    protected boolean setFrame(int left, int top, int right, int bottom) {
        boolean changed = false;

        ...

        if (mLeft != left || mRight != right || mTop != top || mBottom != bottom) {
            changed = true;

            // Remember our drawn bit
            int drawn = mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_DRAWN;

            int oldWidth = mRight - mLeft;
            int oldHeight = mBottom - mTop;
            int newWidth = right - left;
            int newHeight = bottom - top;
            boolean sizeChanged = (newWidth != oldWidth) || (newHeight != oldHeight);

            ...


            if (sizeChanged) {
                if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_PIVOT_EXPLICITLY_SET) == 0) {
                    // A change in dimension means an auto-centered pivot point changes, too
                    if (mTransformationInfo != null) {
                        mTransformationInfo.mMatrixDirty = true;
                    }
                }
                sizeChange(newWidth, newHeight, oldWidth, oldHeight);
            }

            ...
        }
        return changed;
    }

setFrame通过比较left、right、top、bottom四个变量确定View的布局是否发生变化,并返回该布尔值。另外,如果setFrame通过计算发现View的大小也发生了变化,则会调用sizeChange方法:
(android.view.View)
    private void sizeChange(int newWidth, int newHeight, int oldWidth, int oldHeight) {
        onSizeChanged(newWidth, newHeight, oldWidth, oldHeight);
        if (mOverlay != null) {
            mOverlay.getOverlayView().setRight(newWidth);
            mOverlay.getOverlayView().setBottom(newHeight);
        }
    }

sizeChange会调用onSizeChanged,我们可以重写该方法执行一些View大小变化时的操作。

回到layout方法,setFrame的返回值会被存在changed变量中,当changed为true时,即当View的布局发生了变化时,layout方法会调用onLayout方法。onLayout一般由View的子类进行重写以执行一些布局操作,ViewGroup把onLayout重写为抽象方法,使得每一个ViewGroup布局都需要重写onLayout实现自己的特定布局效果:
(android.view.ViewGroup)
    @Override
    protected abstract void onLayout(boolean changed,
            int l, int t, int r, int b);

draw流程

layout流程完成后,我们获得了View的大小和布局,剩下的工作就是把View绘制到我们的屏幕上了。在performTraversals中,我们调用了performLayout获取布局后,调用了performDraw来绘制我们需要的图像:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performDraw() {
        ...

        final boolean fullRedrawNeeded = mFullRedrawNeeded;
        mFullRedrawNeeded = false;

        mIsDrawing = true;
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW, "draw");
        try {
            draw(fullRedrawNeeded);
        } finally {
            mIsDrawing = false;
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
        }

        ...
    }

在performDraw方法中,我们调用了draw方法进行绘制,并传入了一个布尔值表示是否整个屏幕都需要重新绘制:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void draw(boolean fullRedrawNeeded) {
        Surface surface = mSurface;
        ...

        final Rect dirty = mDirty;
        ...

        if (fullRedrawNeeded) {
            attachInfo.mIgnoreDirtyState = true;
            dirty.set(0, 0, (int) (mWidth * appScale + 0.5f), (int) (mHeight * appScale + 0.5f));
        }

        ...

        // 使用硬件渲染绘制
        if (!dirty.isEmpty() || mIsAnimating) {
            if (attachInfo.mHardwareRenderer != null && attachInfo.mHardwareRenderer.isEnabled()) {
                ...

                attachInfo.mHardwareRenderer.draw(mView, attachInfo, this,
                        animating ? null : mCurrentDirty);
            } else {
                ...

                // 使用软件渲染绘制
                if (!drawSoftware(surface, attachInfo, yoff, scalingRequired, dirty)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        ...
    }

在draw方法中,我们首先根据传入的布尔值计算出一个dirty的矩形区域(脏区域,表示要绘制的区域),然后使用硬件或软件的方法进行渲染绘制,由于博主对硬件渲染不熟悉,这里我们分析软件方式渲染绘制的drawSoftware方法:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    /**
     * @return true if drawing was succesfull, false if an error occurred
     */
    private boolean drawSoftware(Surface surface, AttachInfo attachInfo, int yoff,
            boolean scalingRequired, Rect dirty) {

        // Draw with software renderer.
        Canvas canvas;
        try {
            int left = dirty.left;
            int top = dirty.top;
            int right = dirty.right;
            int bottom = dirty.bottom;

            canvas = mSurface.lockCanvas(dirty);

            ...

        try {
            ...

                mView.draw(canvas);

            ...
        } finally {
            try {
                surface.unlockCanvasAndPost(canvas);
            } 
            ...
        }
        return true;
    }

在drawSoftware方法中,第15行首先调用mSurface(Surface对象,管理一块用于绘制的缓存区)的lockCanvas方法,通过传入dirty变量(脏区域)锁定获取了一块画布(Canvas对象),然后调用了mView(即DecorView)的draw方法在canvas上进行绘制,最后再使用mSurface的unlockCanvasAndPost方法解锁提交画布,交给底层进行渲染。虽然View的子类重写了draw方法,但他们都调用了super.draw,因此我们接下来一起看看最关键的View的draw方法:
(android.view.View)
    public void draw(Canvas canvas) {
        ...

        /*
         * Draw traversal performs several drawing steps which must be executed
         * in the appropriate order:
         *
         *      1. Draw the background
         *      2. If necessary, save the canvas' layers to prepare for fading
         *      3. Draw view's content
         *      4. Draw children
         *      5. If necessary, draw the fading edges and restore layers
         *      6. Draw decorations (scrollbars for instance)
         */

        // Step 1, draw the background, if needed
        int saveCount;

        if (!dirtyOpaque) {
            ...
                    background.draw(canvas);
            ...
        }

        // Step 2, save the canvas' layers
        ...

        // Step 3, draw the content
        if (!dirtyOpaque) onDraw(canvas);

        // Step 4, draw the children
        dispatchDraw(canvas);

        // Step 5, draw the fade effect and restore layers
        ...

        // Step 6, draw decorations (scrollbars)
        onDrawScrollBars(canvas);

        if (mOverlay != null && !mOverlay.isEmpty()) {
            mOverlay.getOverlayView().dispatchDraw(canvas);
        }
    }

draw的注释解释的非常清晰,其过程主要分为6个步骤:
  1. 绘制背景:调用background.draw绘制背景
  2. 保存布局为渐变准备
  3. 绘制View本身:调用onDraw
  4. 绘制子View:调用dispatchDraw
  5. 绘制渐变效果并回复布局
  6. 绘制装饰品(如滚动条等)
当我们需要为自定义的View绘制时,只需重写onDraw方法即可。

以上即是一个Activity的显示过程的简略总结,其中还有许多细节没有研究,希望以后有时间可以去进一步深入探索。

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