内核随记(三)--同步(2)

2.2、睡眠与唤醒

在操作系统中，睡眠和唤醒原语实际上是操作系统的基本原语，也是实现同步的一种方式，而且它还是实现信号量的基础。当进程请求的资源(如内存、文件等)不能得到满足时，就会主动放弃CPU，进入等待状态(可中断等待或者不可中断等待)。当资源满足时，就会由别的进程唤醒，从而投入运行。

2.2.1、等待队列

等待队列表示一组睡眠的进程，这些进程正在等待特定的事件发生(或者说条件为真)，比如，等待足够的内存。等待队列是一个双链表，每个队列都有一个队列头，其定义如下：

//include/linux/wait.h
//等待队列头
struct __wait_queue_head {
      // 自旋锁
    spinlock_t lock;
    struct list_head task_list;
};
typedef struct __wait_queue_head wait_queue_head_t;

等待队列链表中的元素类型为：

typedef struct __wait_queue wait_queue_t;
//唤醒函数指针
typedef int (*wait_queue_func_t)(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key);
//默认的唤醒函数
int default_wake_function(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key);

struct __wait_queue {
    /*取值为WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE(=1)表示互斥进程,由内核有选择的唤醒.为0时表示非互斥进程,由内核在
    **事件发生时唤醒所有等待进程.
    **/
    unsigned int flags;
#define WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE    0x01
    //等待的任务描述符
    struct task_struct * task;

    //唤醒函数,默认为default_wake_function
    wait_queue_func_t func;
    struct list_head task_list;
};

其典型的结构如下：

等待队列头的初始化：
DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(name)；
其定义如下：

//incude/linux/wait.h
#define __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INITIALIZER(name) {                \
    .lock        = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED,                \
    .task_list    = { &(name).task_list, &(name).task_list } }

//初始化等待队列头
#define DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(name) \
    wait_queue_head_t name = __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INITIALIZER(name)

或者如下：
wait_queue_head_t my_queue;
init_waitqueue_head(&my_queue);

等待队列元素初始化：

// linux/wait.h
// wait_queue_t初始化
static  inline  void  init_waitqueue_entry(wait_queue_t  * q,  struct  task_struct  * p)
{
    q -> flags  =   0 ;
    q -> task  =  p;
    q -> func  =  default_wake_function;
}

2.2.2、等待事件(Waiting on the Event)
内核提供的等待接口包括wait_event(), wait_event_ interruptible(), 和wait_event_interruptible_timeout()。此外sleep_on(), sleep_on_timeout(), 和interruptible_sleep_on()在2.6中仍然支持，但已经过时。这些接口的基本实现如下：

具体代码如下：

//linux/wait.h
#define wait_event(wq, condition)                     \
do {                                    \
    if (condition)    //条件发生                         \
        break;                            \
    __wait_event(wq, condition);                    \
} while (0)

#define __wait_event(wq, condition)                     \
do {                                    \
    DEFINE_WAIT(__wait);                        \
                                    \
    for (;;) {                            \
        prepare_to_wait(&wq, &__wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);    \
        if (condition)                        \
            break;                        \
        schedule();//调度                        \
    }                                \
    finish_wait(&wq, &__wait);                    \
} while (0)

//kernel/wait.c
void fastcall
prepare_to_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state)
{
    unsigned long flags;
    //非互斥进程
    wait->flags &= ~WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
    //关中断,并请求自旋锁
    spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
    if (list_empty(&wait->task_list))
        __add_wait_queue(q, wait);  //将等待任务加入等待队列
    /*
     * don't alter the task state if this is just going to
     * queue an async wait queue callback
     */
    if (is_sync_wait(wait))
        set_current_state(state);  //设置任务当前的状态
    //释放自旋锁,并恢复处理器状态
    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}

//等待完成之后,应该设置任务的状态为运行状态,并从等待队列中删除
void fastcall finish_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait)
{
    unsigned long flags;

    __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING); //设置为运行状态
    
    if (!list_empty_careful(&wait->task_list)) {
        spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
        list_del_init(&wait->task_list);    //从等待队列中删除
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
    }
}

2.2.3、唤醒(Waking Up)
接口如下：

//include/inux/wait.h
#define wake_up(x)            __wake_up(x, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1, NULL)
#define wake_up_nr(x, nr)        __wake_up(x, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, nr, NULL)
#define wake_up_all(x)            __wake_up(x, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 0, NULL)
#define wake_up_interruptible(x)    __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1, NULL)
#define wake_up_interruptible_nr(x, nr)    __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, nr, NULL)
#define wake_up_interruptible_all(x)    __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 0, NULL)
#define    wake_up_locked(x)        __wake_up_locked((x), TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE)
#define wake_up_interruptible_sync(x)   __wake_up_sync((x),TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1)

具体实现：

//kernel/sched.c
void fastcall __wake_up(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode,
                int nr_exclusive, void *key)
{
    unsigned long flags;
    //请求自旋锁,并关中断
    spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
    __wake_up_common(q, mode, nr_exclusive, 0, key);
    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}
static void __wake_up_common(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode,
                 int nr_exclusive, int sync, void *key)
{
    struct list_head *tmp, *next;

    list_for_each_safe(tmp, next, &q->task_list) {
        wait_queue_t *curr;
        unsigned flags;
        curr = list_entry(tmp, wait_queue_t, task_list);
        flags = curr->flags;
        //调用相应的唤醒函数, 唤醒第1个有WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE标志的进程后停止
        if (curr->func(curr, mode, sync, key) &&
            (flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) &&
            !--nr_exclusive)
            break;
    }
}
//默认的唤醒函数
int default_wake_function(wait_queue_t *curr, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key)
{
    task_t *p = curr->task;
    return try_to_wake_up(p, mode, sync);
}

try_to_wake_up是唤醒原语中核心部分，其具体代码如下：

/*p被唤醒的进程描述符.
**state被唤醒的进程的状态掩码
**sync禁止被唤醒的进程抢占本地CPU正在运行的进程
*/
static int try_to_wake_up(task_t * p, unsigned int state, int sync)
{
    int cpu, this_cpu, success = 0;
    unsigned long flags;
    long old_state;
    runqueue_t *rq;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
    unsigned long load, this_load;
    struct sched_domain *sd;
    int new_cpu;
#endif
    //关闭中断,并获取最后执行该进程的CPU(可能不同于本地CPU)的运行队列的锁
    rq = task_rq_lock(p, &flags);
    schedstat_inc(rq, ttwu_cnt);
    old_state = p->state;
    if (!(old_state & state))
        goto out;

    if (p->array)
        goto out_running;
    
    //最后执行该任务的CPU
    cpu = task_cpu(p);
    //本地CPU
    this_cpu = smp_processor_id();
    
/*对于多CPU系统,检查要被唤醒的进程是否应该从最近执行该进程的CPU的运行队列,
**转移到另外一个CPU的运行队列.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
    if (unlikely(task_running(rq, p)))
        goto out_activate;

    new_cpu = cpu;

    if (cpu == this_cpu || unlikely(!cpu_isset(this_cpu, p->cpus_allowed)))
        goto out_set_cpu;

    load = source_load(cpu);
    this_load = target_load(this_cpu);

    /*
     * If sync wakeup then subtract the (maximum possible) effect of
     * the currently running task from the load of the current CPU:
     */
    if (sync)
        this_load -= SCHED_LOAD_SCALE;

    /* Don't pull the task off an idle CPU to a busy one */
    if (load < SCHED_LOAD_SCALE/2 && this_load > SCHED_LOAD_SCALE/2)
        goto out_set_cpu;

    new_cpu = this_cpu; /* Wake to this CPU if we can */

    /*
     * Scan domains for affine wakeup and passive balancing
     * possibilities.
     */
    for_each_domain(this_cpu, sd) {
        unsigned int imbalance;
        /*
         * Start passive balancing when half the imbalance_pct
         * limit is reached.
         */
        imbalance = sd->imbalance_pct + (sd->imbalance_pct - 100) / 2;

        if ((sd->flags & SD_WAKE_AFFINE) &&
                !task_hot(p, rq->timestamp_last_tick, sd)) {
            /*
             * This domain has SD_WAKE_AFFINE and p is cache cold
             * in this domain.
             */
            if (cpu_isset(cpu, sd->span)) {
                schedstat_inc(sd, ttwu_wake_affine);
                goto out_set_cpu;
            }
        } else if ((sd->flags & SD_WAKE_BALANCE) &&
                imbalance*this_load <= 100*load) {
            /*
             * This domain has SD_WAKE_BALANCE and there is
             * an imbalance.
             */
            if (cpu_isset(cpu, sd->span)) {
                schedstat_inc(sd, ttwu_wake_balance);
                goto out_set_cpu;
            }
        }
    }

    new_cpu = cpu; /* Could not wake to this_cpu. Wake to cpu instead */
out_set_cpu:
    schedstat_inc(rq, ttwu_attempts);
    new_cpu = wake_idle(new_cpu, p);
    if (new_cpu != cpu && cpu_isset(new_cpu, p->cpus_allowed)) {
        schedstat_inc(rq, ttwu_moved);
        set_task_cpu(p, new_cpu);
        task_rq_unlock(rq, &flags);
        /* might preempt at this point */
        rq = task_rq_lock(p, &flags);
        old_state = p->state;
        if (!(old_state & state))
            goto out;
        if (p->array)
            goto out_running;

        this_cpu = smp_processor_id();
        cpu = task_cpu(p);
    }

out_activate:
#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
    if (old_state == TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE) {
        rq->nr_uninterruptible--;
        /*
         * Tasks on involuntary sleep don't earn
         * sleep_avg beyond just interactive state.
         */
        p->activated = -1;
    }

    /*
     * Sync wakeups (i.e. those types of wakeups where the waker
     * has indicated that it will leave the CPU in short order)
     * don't trigger a preemption, if the woken up task will run on
     * this cpu. (in this case the 'I will reschedule' promise of
     * the waker guarantees that the freshly woken up task is going
     * to be considered on this CPU.)
     */
     //将进程p加入目标CPU的可运行队列
    activate_task(p, rq, cpu == this_cpu);
    /*如果没有设置sync标志(表示允许抢占),且目标CPU不是本地CPU,则检查p是否比rq运行队列中当前进程的动态优先级高.
    **即(p)->prio < (rq)->curr->prio,如果是,则调用resched_task()抢占rq->curr。
    */
    if (!sync || cpu != this_cpu) {
        if (TASK_PREEMPTS_CURR(p, rq))
            /*在单CPU中,仅仅设置TIF_NEED_RESCHED标志.多CPU系统中,则检查相应标志,并使目标CPU重新调度
            */
            resched_task(rq->curr);
    }
    success = 1;

out_running:
    //设置进程的状态
    p->state = TASK_RUNNING;
out:
    //释放rq的锁,并打开本地中断
    task_rq_unlock(rq, &flags);

    return success;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
//多CPU系统
static void resched_task(task_t *p)
{
    int need_resched, nrpolling;

    BUG_ON(!spin_is_locked(&task_rq(p)->lock));

    /* minimise the chance of sending an interrupt to poll_idle() */
    nrpolling = test_tsk_thread_flag(p,TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
    need_resched = test_and_set_tsk_thread_flag(p,TIF_NEED_RESCHED);
    nrpolling |= test_tsk_thread_flag(p,TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
    
    if (!need_resched && !nrpolling && (task_cpu(p) != smp_processor_id()))
        //产生IPI,强制目标CPU重新调度
        smp_send_reschedule(task_cpu(p));
}
#else
//单CPU系统
static inline void resched_task(task_t *p)
{
    set_tsk_need_resched(p);
}
#endif

2.2.4、互斥等待
当调用wake_up唤醒等待队列时，等待队列上的所有进程都转置为可运行。在一些情况下，这种做法是正确的，比如等待某个特定的事件。但是在另外一些情况，可以提前知道只有一个被唤醒的进程能够成功的获取资源，比如等待临界区资源，其它的进程将再次睡眠。如果等待队列中的进程数量太大，将会严重影响系统性能，这就是所谓的thundering herd行为。为此，内核引入互斥等待，它与非互斥等待的区别如下：
(1) 当一个等待队列入口有 WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSEVE 标志置位, 它被添加到等待队列的尾部. 没有这个标志的入口项, 相反, 添加到开始。
(2) 当 wake_up 被在一个等待队列上调用, 它在唤醒第一个有 WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE 标志的进程后停止。
这样，进行互斥等待的进程一次只唤醒一个。使一个进程进入互斥等待是调用prepare_to_wait_exclusive完成的。

//kernel/wait.c
void fastcall
prepare_to_wait_exclusive(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state)
{
    unsigned long flags;
    //互斥标志
    wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
    spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
    if (list_empty(&wait->task_list))
        __add_wait_queue_tail(q, wait);
    /*
     * don't alter the task state if this is just going to
      * queue an async wait queue callback
     */
    if (is_sync_wait(wait))
        set_current_state(state);
    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}