52种8阶环(2015-11-18 17:21:51)_8阶环的同构分类-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u010401391/article/details/50157031

GitHub开源项目MathTool地址：https://github.com/Ivanhan2018/MathTool

struct Idx
{
int n;
int Id;
char calR[100];//环的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7
char name[100];
};

Idx g_ring_data[]={ \
{2,1,"2,1,0,2,1,1,1,4,1","M_2"}, \
{2,2,"2,1,1,1,2,0,0,3,0","F_2"}, \
{3,1,"3,1,0,3,1,2,2,9,2","M_3"}, \
{3,2,"3,1,1,1,2,0,0,5,0","F_3"}, \
{4,1,"4,1,0,4,1,3,3,16,3","M_4"}, \
{4,2,"4,1,0,4,1,1,3,12,3","2Z/8Z"}, \
{4,3,"4,1,1,2,2,1,1,8,1","Z/4Z"}, \
{4,4,"2,1,0,4,1,3,3,16,3","M_2×M_2"}, \
{4,5,"2,1,0,4,1,1,3,12,3","ring 22.Nu.2=ZimodnZObj(1+i,2+2i)"}, \
{4,6,"2,1,0,4,2,1,1,12,3","M_2×F_2"}, \
{4,7,"2,0,0,4,3,1,1,10,1","ring 22.NC.2非交换环最小阶为4，同构意义下只有两个"}, \
{4,8,"2,0,0,4,3,1,1,10,3","ring 22.NC.1"}, \
{4,9,"2,1,1,2,2,1,1,8,1","ring 22.u.2=F_2+uF_2"}, \
{4,10,"2,1,1,3,4,0,0,9,2","4阶布尔环F_2×F_2=F_2[v]/(v(v+1))=F_2[i]"}, \
{4,11,"2,1,1,1,2,0,0,7,0","F_4"}, \
{5,1,"5,1,0,5,1,4,4,25,4","M_5"}, \
{5,2,"5,1,1,1,2,0,0,9,0","F_5"}, \
{6,1,"6,1,0,6,1,5,5,36,5","M_6=M_3×M_2"}, \
{6,2,"6,1,0,6,2,1,1,20,5","F_3×M_2"}, \
{6,3,"6,1,0,6,2,2,2,27,5","M_3×F_2"}, \
{6,4,"6,1,1,4,4,0,0,15,3","Z/6Z=F_3×F_2"}, \
{8,1,"8,1,0,8,1,7,7,64,7","M_8"}, \
{8,2,"8,1,0,8,1,3,3,32,7","2Z/16Z"}, \
{8,3,"8,1,1,4,2,1,3,20,3","Z/8Z"}, \
{8,4,"8,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7","4Z/32Z"}, \
{8,5,"4,1,0,8,1,7,7,64,7","R4_1R2_1"}, \
{8,6,"4,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7","R8_6"}, \
{8,7,"4,1,0,8,2,3,3,48,7","R4_1R2_2"}, \
{8,8,"4,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7","R8_8"}, \
{8,9,"4,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7","R8_9"}, \
{8,10,"4,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7","R8_10"}, \
{8,11,"4,1,0,8,1,7,7,40,7","R8_11"}, \
{8,12,"4,1,0,8,1,3,7,40,7","R8_12"}, \
{8,13,"4,1,0,8,2,3,3,32,7","R4_3R2_1"}, \
{8,14,"4,1,1,6,4,1,1,24,5","Z/4Z×F_2"}, \
{8,15,"4,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,7","R8_15"}, \
{8,16,"4,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7","R4_2R2_1"}, \
{8,17,"4,1,0,8,2,1,3,36,7","R4_2R2_2"}, \
{8,18,"4,0,0,8,1,1,7,40,7","R8_18"}, \
{8,19,"4,1,0,8,1,3,7,40,7","R8_19"}, \
{8,20,"4,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,3","R8_20"}, \
{8,21,"4,1,1,4,2,3,3,24,3","ZimodnZObj(1+2i,4)=ZE3modnZObj(1+2ω,4)"}, \
{8,22,"4,1,1,4,2,1,3,20,3","Z[i]/(2+2i)=ZimodnZObj(2+i,2+2i)"}, \
{8,23,"4,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7","ZimodnZObj(2i,8)"}, \
{8,24,"4,1,0,8,1,3,3,32,7","ZimodnZObj(1+i,4)"}, \
{8,25,"2,1,0,8,1,7,7,64,7","R4_4R2_1"}, \
{8,26,"2,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7","R4_5R2_1"}, \
{8,27,"2,1,0,8,2,3,3,48,7","M_2×M_2×F_2"}, \
{8,28,"2,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7","R8_28"}, \
{8,29,"2,0,0,8,3,3,3,40,7","R4_7R2_1"}, \
{8,30,"2,0,0,8,5,3,3,36,3","R8_30"}, \
{8,31,"2,1,0,8,1,7,7,40,7","R8_31"}, \
{8,32,"2,1,0,8,1,3,7,40,7","R8_32"}, \
{8,33,"2,1,0,8,1,3,3,32,7","R8_33"}, \
{8,34,"2,0,0,8,3,3,3,40,7","R4_8R2_1"}, \
{8,35,"2,1,0,8,2,3,3,32,7","R4_9R2_1"}, \
{8,36,"2,0,0,8,5,3,3,32,7","R8_36"}, \
{8,37,"2,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,3","R8_37"}, \
{8,38,"2,1,0,8,2,1,3,36,7","R4_5R2_2"}, \
{8,39,"2,0,0,8,1,1,7,40,7","R8_39"}, \
{8,40,"2,1,0,8,4,1,1,36,7","F_2×F_2×M_2"}, \
{8,41,"2,0,0,8,6,1,1,30,5","R4_7R2_2"}, \
{8,42,"2,0,0,8,6,1,1,30,5","F_4×M_2"}, \
{8,43,"2,0,0,8,5,3,3,36,7","R8_43"}, \
{8,44,"2,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,7","R8_44"}, \
{8,45,"2,1,1,4,2,3,3,24,3","R8_45"}, \
{8,46,"2,1,1,4,2,1,3,20,3","F_2[x]/(x^3)=F_2[x]/(x^3+x^2+x+1)"}, \
{8,47,"2,0,0,8,6,1,1,30,7","R4_8R2_2"}, \
{8,48,"2,1,1,6,4,1,1,24,5","R4_9R2_2=F_2[x]/(x^3+x^2)=F_2[x]/(x^3+x)=F_2[x,y]/(x^3+x^2,y)"}, \
{8,49,"2,0,1,6,6,1,1,26,5","R8_49含幺非交换环最小阶为8，且在同构意义下只有一个。"}, \
{8,50,"2,1,1,7,8,0,0,27,6","8阶布尔环F_2×F_2×F_2×F_2"}, \
{8,51,"2,1,1,5,4,0,0,21,4","F_4×F_2"}, \
{8,52,"2,1,1,1,2,0,0,15,0","F_8"}, \
};
gap> m:=8;;n:=NumberSmallRings(m);;for ni in [1..n] do R:=SmallRing(m,ni);;L:=Elements(R);;n1:=0;;for i1 in L do if InverseMutable(i1)=fail then n1:=n1+1;fi;od;n2:=0;;for i2 in L do if IsIdempotent(i2) then n2:=n2+1;fi;od;n3:=0;;for i3 in L do if IsOne(i3) then n3:=n3+1;fi;od;n4:=0;;for i4 in L do if IsZero(i4)=false and i4^2=Zero(R) then n4:=n4+1;fi;od;n5:=0;;for i5 in L do if IsZero(i5)=false and i5^3=Zero(R) then n5:=n5+1;fi;od;n6:=0;;for i6 in L do for j6 in L do if IsZero(i6*j6) then n6:=n6+1;fi;od;od;bA:=0;bO:=0;if IsAbelian(R) then bA:=1;fi;if n3=1 then bO:=1;fi;Print("环R",m,"_",ni,"的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=",Characteristic(R),",",bA,",",bO,",",n1,",",n2,",",n4,",",n5,",",n6,",");n7:=0;;for i7 in L do for j7 in L do if IsZero(i7)=false and IsZero(j7)=false and IsZero(i7*j7) then n7:=n7+1;break;fi;od;od;CR:=Center(R);;n8:=Size(CR);M:=Ideals(R);;LL:=[];;for i in [1..m] do Add(LL,Size(RingByGenerators([L[i]])));od;Sort(LL);Print(n7,",",n8,",",List(M,Size),",",List(LL),"\n");od;
环R8_1的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=8,1,0,8,1,7,7,64,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]
环R8_2的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=8,1,0,8,1,3,3,32,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]
环R8_3的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=8,1,1,4,2,1,3,20,3,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]
环R8_4的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=8,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]
环R8_5的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,7,7,64,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_6的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_7的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,2,3,3,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_8的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7,2,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_9的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7,2,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_10的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7,2,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_11的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,7,7,40,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_12的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,3,7,40,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_13的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,2,3,3,32,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_14的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,1,6,4,1,1,24,5,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_15的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,7,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_16的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_17的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,2,1,3,36,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_18的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,0,0,8,1,1,7,40,7,2,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_19的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,3,7,40,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_20的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,3,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_21的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,1,4,2,3,3,24,3,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_22的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,1,4,2,1,3,20,3,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_23的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]
环R8_24的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=4,1,0,8,1,3,3,32,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]
环R8_25的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,1,7,7,64,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],
[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
环R8_26的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_27的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,2,3,3,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_28的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,1,5,7,48,7,2,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4 ]
环R8_29的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,3,3,3,40,7,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4 ]
环R8_30的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,5,3,3,36,3,1,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
环R8_31的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,1,7,7,40,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
环R8_32的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,1,3,7,40,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_33的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,1,3,3,32,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]
环R8_34的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,3,3,3,40,7,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4 ]
环R8_35的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,2,3,3,32,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
环R8_36的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,5,3,3,32,7,1,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
环R8_37的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,3,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4 ]
环R8_38的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,2,1,3,36,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_39的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,1,1,7,40,7,2,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_40的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,4,1,1,36,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_41的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,6,1,1,30,5,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4 ]
环R8_42的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,2,1,1,28,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_43的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,5,3,3,36,7,1,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
环R8_44的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,3,3,3,28,7,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4 ]
环R8_45的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,1,4,2,3,3,24,3,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_46的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,1,4,2,1,3,20,3,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_47的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,0,8,6,1,1,30,7,2,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4 ]
环R8_48的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,1,6,4,1,1,24,5,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]
环R8_49的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,0,1,6,6,1,1,26,5,2,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4 ]
环R8_50的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,1,7,8,0,0,27,6,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
环R8_51的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,1,5,4,0,0,21,4,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8 ]
环R8_52的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,1,1,2,0,0,15,0,8,[ 1, 8 ],[ 1, 2, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]

S(R8_8):
[1] => [1] 是理想 ,商环: [[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]]
[R8Add]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7
3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
4 3 6 5 8 7 2 1
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
6 5 8 7 2 1 4 3
7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 7 2 1 4 3 6 5
[R8Mul]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
[2] => [1 2] 不是理想
[3] => [1 3 5 7] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 3 5 7] [2 4 6 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[4] => [1 4 5 8] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 4 5 8] [2 3 6 7]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
[5] => [1 5] 是理想 ,是中心 ,商环: [[1 5] [2 6] [3 7] [4 8]]
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[6] => [1 6] 不是理想
[2 3] => [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]]
[R1Add]
1
[R1Mul]
1
[2 5] => [1 2 5 6] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 2 5 6] [3 4 7 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
time consume: 4.901295ms
S(R8_9):
[1] => [1] 是理想 ,商环: [[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]]
[R8Add]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7
3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
4 3 6 5 8 7 2 1
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
6 5 8 7 2 1 4 3
7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 7 2 1 4 3 6 5
[R8Mul]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1
[2] => [1 2 5 6] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 2 5 6] [3 4 7 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
[3] => [1 3 5 7] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 3 5 7] [2 4 6 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[4] => [1 4 5 8] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 4 5 8] [2 3 6 7]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[5] => [1 5] 是理想 ,是中心 ,商环: [[1 5] [2 6] [3 7] [4 8]]
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[2 3] => [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]]
[R1Add]
1
[R1Mul]
1
time consume: 4.702692ms
S(R8_10):
[1] => [1] 是理想 ,商环: [[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]]
[R8Add]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7
3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
4 3 6 5 8 7 2 1
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
6 5 8 7 2 1 4 3
7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 7 2 1 4 3 6 5
[R8Mul]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
[2] => [1 2] 不是理想
[3] => [1 3 5 7] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 3 5 7] [2 4 6 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[4] => [1 4 5 8] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 4 5 8] [2 3 6 7]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
[5] => [1 5] 是理想 ,是中心 ,商环: [[1 5] [2 6] [3 7] [4 8]]
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[6] => [1 6] 不是理想
[2 3] => [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]]
[R1Add]
1
[R1Mul]
1
[2 5] => [1 2 5 6] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 2 5 6] [3 4 7 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
time consume: 4.838187ms
S(R8_12):
[1] => [1] 是理想 ,商环: [[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]]
[R8Add]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7
3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
4 3 6 5 8 7 2 1
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
6 5 8 7 2 1 4 3
7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 7 2 1 4 3 6 5
[R8Mul]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
[2] => [1 2 5 6] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 2 5 6] [3 4 7 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
[3] => [1 3 5 7] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 3 5 7] [2 4 6 8]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[4] => [1 4 5 8] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 4 5 8] [2 3 6 7]]
[R2Add]
1 2
2 1
[R2Mul]
1 1
1 1
4 阶子环:
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
[5] => [1 5] 是理想 ,商环: [[1 5] [2 6] [3 7] [4 8]]
[R4Add]
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
[R4Mul]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[2 3] => [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] 是理想 ,是中心 ,商环: [[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]]
[R1Add]
1
[R1Mul]
1
time consume: 5.317909ms
R8_5:
R4:=Elements(SmallRing(4,2));A:=[[R4[2],R4[4]], [R4[4],R4[2]]];B:=[[R4[1],R4[3]], [R4[3],R4[1]]];R:=RingByGenerators([A,B]);;Size(R);L:=Elements(R);n:=Size(R);L:=Elements(R);;Print("[R",n,"Add]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1+i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;Print("[R",n,"Mul]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1*i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;
R8_6（已排除，S(R)=[1,2,2,2,4,4,4,8]，而S(R8_6)=[1,2,4,4,4,8]）、R8_16（S(R8_16)=[1,2,2,2,4,4,4,8]，故R=R8_16）、R8_23（已排除，S(R8_23)=[1,2,2,2,4,8]）中的一个：
R4:=Elements(SmallRing(4,2));A:=[[R4[1],R4[4]], [R4[1],R4[4]]];B:=[[R4[3],R4[3]], [R4[1],R4[1]]];R:=RingByGenerators([A,B]);;Size(R);L:=Elements(R);n:=Size(R);L:=Elements(R);;Print("[R",n,"Add]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1+i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;Print("[R",n,"Mul]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1*i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;
R8_40:
R4:=Elements(SmallRing(4,6));A:=[[R4[1],R4[4]], [R4[1],R4[4]]];B:=[[R4[3],R4[3]], [R4[1],R4[1]]];R:=RingByGenerators([A,B]);;Size(R);L:=Elements(R);n:=Size(R);L:=Elements(R);;Print("[R",n,"Add]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1+i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;Print("[R",n,"Mul]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1*i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;
R8_45:
R4:=Elements(SmallRing(4,9));A:=[[R4[2],R4[4]], [R4[4],R4[2]]];B:=[[R4[1],R4[3]], [R4[3],R4[1]]];R:=RingByGenerators([A,B]);;Size(R);L:=Elements(R);n:=Size(R);L:=Elements(R);;Print("[R",n,"Add]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1+i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;Print("[R",n,"Mul]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1*i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;
R8_49
F4:=Elements(GF(4));A:=[[F4[1],F4[2]], [F4[2],F4[1]]];B:=[[F4[2],F4[2]], [F4[1],F4[1]]];R:=RingByGenerators([A,B]);;Size(R);L:=Elements(R);n1:=0;;for i1 in L do if InverseMutable(i1)=fail then n1:=n1+1;fi;od;n2:=0;;for i2 in L do if IsIdempotent(i2) then n2:=n2+1;fi;od;Print("不可逆元个数n1=",n1,",幂等元个数n2=",n2,",特征：",Characteristic(R),",是否交换：",IsAbelian(R),"\n");n:=Size(R);L:=Elements(R);;Print("[R",n,"Add]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1+i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;Print("[R",n,"Mul]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1*i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;
R8_51
F4:=Elements(GF(4));A:=[[F4[1],F4[2]], [F4[3],F4[4]]];R:=RingByGenerators([A]);;Size(R);L:=Elements(R);n1:=0;;for i1 in L do if InverseMutable(i1)=fail then n1:=n1+1;fi;od;n2:=0;;for i2 in L do if IsIdempotent(i2) then n2:=n2+1;fi;od;Print("不可逆元个数n1=",n1,",幂等元个数n2=",n2,",特征：",Characteristic(R),",是否交换：",IsAbelian(R),"\n");n:=Size(R);L:=Elements(R);;Print("[R",n,"Add]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1+i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;Print("[R",n,"Mul]\n");for i1 in L do for i2 in L do Print(Position(L,i1*i2),",");od;Print("\n");od;

2020319已经找到R8_15、R8_20以及R8_10（根据环不变量N2可以排除掉R8_8）中的一种，20200325证明R8_22=Z[i]/(2+2i)，20200401已经找到R8_37、R8_24(R8_24是Z[i]/(4)的8阶理想子环)、20200406已经找到R8_23(R8_23是Z[i]/(8)的8阶理想子环)：
m:=4;;C:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m), ZmodnZObj( 2, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 3, m ) ] ];;D2:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m), ZmodnZObj( 2, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m ), ZmodnZObj( 2, m ) ] ];;R8_15:=RingByGenerators([C,D2]);;
m:=4;;A:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ] ];;B2:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m), ZmodnZObj( 2, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m ), ZmodnZObj( 2, m ) ] ];;R8_20:=RingByGenerators([A,B2]);;
m:=4;;C2:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m ), ZmodnZObj( 2, m ) ] ];;D:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ] ];;R8_10:=RingByGenerators([C2,D]);;
gap> R4:=Elements(SmallRing(4,9));;C:=[[R4[2],R4[1]],[R4[2],R4[1]]];;D:=[[R4[2],R4[4]],[R4[2],R4[4]]];;R8_37:=RingByGenerators([C,D]);;Size(R8_37);
8
环R8_37的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=fail,0,0,未知,3,3,3,28,3,2
单生成元子环的阶:[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4 ]

20160929问题：寻找以下10种8阶环的表示：R8_6、R8_8、R8_9、R8_11、R8_12、R8_18、R8_31、R8_32、R8_36、R8_39
①1种交换幺环：R8_22
i=22,不可逆元个数n1=4,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=20,零因子个数n7=3
②7种交换无幺环：R8_6、R8_11、R8_12、R8_23、R8_24、R8_31、R8_32
i=6,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=48,零因子个数n7=7
i=11,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=7,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=40,零因子个数n7=7
i=12,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=40,零因子个数n7=7
i=23,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=48,零因子个数n7=7
i=24,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=32,零因子个数n7=7
i=31,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=7,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=40,零因子个数n7=7
i=32,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=40,零因子个数n7=7
③9种非交换无幺环：R8_8、R8_9、R8_10、R8_15、R8_18、R8_20、R8_36、R8_37、R8_39
i=8,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=5,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=48,零因子个数n7=7
i=9,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=5,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=48,零因子个数n7=7
i=10,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=5,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=48,零因子个数n7=7
i=15,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=3,特征：4,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=28,零因子个数n7=7
i=18,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=40,零因子个数n7=7
i=20,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=3,特征：4,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=28,零因子个数n7=3
i=36,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=5,特征：2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=32,零因子个数n7=7
i=37,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=3,特征：2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=28,零因子个数n7=3
i=39,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=40,零因子个数n7=7

20160828：R8_45的结构与表示：
gap> m:=2;;A_100:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ] ];;A_110:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ]];;A_010:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ]];;A_111:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ]];;R8_45:=RingByGenerators([A_010,A_111]);;n:=Size(R8_45);L:=Elements(R8_45);;
8
环R8_45的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,1,4,2,3,3,24,3,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]
R8_45是一个交换局部环，|R8_45|=8，Ch(R8_45)=2
Z/8Z是一个交换局部环，|Z/8Z|=8，Ch(Z/8Z)=8
gap> m:=2;;A:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ],[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] , [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ] ,[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ]];;R8_33:=RingByGenerators([A]);;n:=Size(R8_33);L:=Elements(R8_33);;
8
环R8_33的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=2,1,0,8,1,3,3,32,7,8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]

？第53、54种8阶环：
不可逆元个数n1=8, 幂等元个数n2=2,特征：8,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=20,零因子个数n7=3
不可逆元个数n1=8, 幂等元个数n2=4,特征：2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=0,2~3次幂零元个数n5=0,零乘个数n6=21,零因子个数n7=4
20151119问题：已经找到R8_19的2个4阶子环都同构于R4_2,试找出另1个同构于R4_4的4阶子环。
20151118：gap> R8_3:=RingByGenerators([DirectProductElement( [ 0*Z(2), ZmodnZObj(2,8)]),DirectProductElement( [ Z(2), ZmodnZObj(1,8)])]);;n:=Size(R8_3);;m:=Elements(R8_3);;
环R8_3的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=fail,1,1,0,2,1,3,20,3,8,[ 1, 4, 2, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]

R8_5:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,1),SmallRing(2,1));;
R8_7:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,1),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_8、R8_10的3个极大理想是R4_1、R4_2、R4_4;R8_9的3个极大理想是R4_5、R4_1、R4_1;
i=8[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=9[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
N(R8_8)=6,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]=[[1,1],[2,1],[4,1],[4,2],[4,4],[8,8]]
N(R8_9)=6,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]=[[1,1],[2,1],[4,5],[4,1],[4,1],[8,9]]
N(R8_10)=6,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]=[[1,1],[2,1],[4,1],[4,2],[4,4],[8,10]]
S(R8_8)=8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]=[[1,1],[2,1],[2,1],[2,1],[4,1],[4,2],[4,4],[8,8]]
S(R8_9)=6,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]=[[1,1],[2,1],[4,5],[4,1],[4,1],[8,9]]
S(R8_10)=8,[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]=[[1,1],[2,1],[2,1],[2,1],[4,1],[4,2],[4,4],[8,10]]
R8_12的3个极大理想是R4_5、R4_1、R4_2;R8_19的3个极大理想是R4_4、R4_2、R4_2;
i=12[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=19[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
R8_13:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,3),SmallRing(2,1));;
gap> R8_13:=RingByGenerators([DirectProductElement( [ ZmodnZObj(0,4),ZmodnZObj(2,4)])]);;n:=Size(R8_13);;L:=Elements(R8_13);;
环R8_13的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=fail,1,0,0,1,1,1,4,1,2
R8_13的加法群为C_4×C_2，特征为4
gap> m:=4;;T:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m), ZmodnZObj( 2, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m)],[ZmodnZObj( 2, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] , [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m)]];;R:=RingByGenerators([T]);;Size(R);
8
不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=
3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=32,零因子个数n7=7
R8_14:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,3),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_16:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,2),SmallRing(2,1));;
i=16,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=48,零因子个数n7=7
注：R8_6、R8_16、R8_23有不同的理想阶的分布：
i=6[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=16[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=23[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
gap> m:=8;;A:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 2, m) ] ];;B:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 6, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 2, m) ] ];;R8_16:=RingByGenerators([A,B]);;n:=Size(R8_16);L:=Elements(R8_16);; 8
gap> R:=R8_16;;m:=8;;ni:=16;;L:=Elements(R);;n1:=0;;for i1 in L do if InverseMutable(i1)=fail then n1:=n1+1;fi;od;n2:=0;;for i2 in L do if IsIdempotent(i2) then n2:=n2+1;fi;od;n3:=0;;for i3 in L do if IsOne(i3) then n3:=n3+1;fi;od;n4:=0;;for i4 in L do if IsZero(i4)=false and i4^2=Zero(R) then n4:=n4+1;fi;od;n5:=0;;for i5 in L do if IsZero(i5)=false and i5^3=Zero(R) then n5:=n5+1;fi;od;n6:=0;;for i6 in L do for j6 in L do if IsZero(i6*j6) then n6:=n6+1;fi;od;od;bA:=0;;bO:=0;;if IsAbelian(R) then bA:=1;fi;if n3=1 then bO:=1;fi;n7:=0;;for i7 in L do for j7 in L do if IsZero(i7)=false and IsZero(j7)=false and IsZero(i7*j7) then n7:=n7+1;break;fi;od;od;CR:=Center(R);;n8:=Size(CR);;LL:=[];;for i in [1..m] do Add(LL,Size(RingByGenerators([L[i]])));od;Print("环R",m,"_",ni,"的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=",Characteristic(R),",",bA,",",bO,",",n1,",",n2,",",n4,",",n5,",",n6,",",n7,",",n8,",",List(LL),"\n");
环R8_16的结构不变量n0,bA,bO,n1,n2,n4,n5,n6,n7,n8=8,1,0,8,1,3,7,48,7,8,[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 4 ]
找到了R的2个4阶子环R4、R4a，所以R≠R8_23
找到了R的2个2阶子环R2、R2a，所以R≠R8_6
所以R=R8_16
gap> I=L[3];
true
gap> A2=L[7];
true
gap> R4a:=RingByGenerators([L[4]]);;Size(R4a);Elements(R4a);
4
[ [ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 6, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 4, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 4, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 6, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 2, 8 ) ] ] ]
gap> R4:=RingByGenerators([L[3]]);;Size(R4);Elements(R4);
4
[ [ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 2, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 4, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 4, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 6, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 6, 8 ) ] ] ]
gap> R2:=RingByGenerators([L[2]]);;Size(R2);Elements(R2);
2
[ [ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 4, 8 ) ] ] ]
gap> R2a:=RingByGenerators([L[5]]);;Size(R2a);Elements(R2a);
2
[ [ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ] ],
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 4, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 8 ) ] ] ]
R8_17:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,2),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_29:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,7),SmallRing(2,1));;
R8_34:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,8),SmallRing(2,1));;
注：R8_29有2个不同构的极大理想R4_7、R4_8;而R8_34有2个同构的极大理想R4_8、R4_8;
R8_21：
gap> R:=RingByGenerators([L[5]]);;Size(R);
8
gap> L[5];
[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, 4 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 4 ), ZmodnZObj( 2, 4 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 2, 4 ), ZmodnZObj( 1, 4 ), ZmodnZObj( 2, 4 ) ],
[ ZmodnZObj( 2, 4 ), ZmodnZObj( 1, 4 ), ZmodnZObj( 2, 4 ) ] ]
不可逆元个数n1=8【4】,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false【true】,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=24,零因子个数n7=3
R8_25:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,4),SmallRing(2,1));;
R8_26:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,5),SmallRing(2,1));;
gap> L[4];L[20];
[ [ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2)^2, Z(2^2)^2 ],
[ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2)^2, Z(2^2)^2 ],
[ Z(2^2)^2, Z(2^2)^2, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2)^2 ] ]
[ [ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ Z(2^2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2)^2, Z(2^2)^2 ],
[ 0*Z(2), Z(2^2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2), 0*Z(2) ], [ Z(2^2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2)^2, Z(2^2)^2 ],
[ Z(2)^0, Z(2^2)^2, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2)^2 ] ]
gap> R:=RingByGenerators([L[4],L[20]]);Size(R);
8
不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=48,零因子个数n7=7
R8_27:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,6),SmallRing(2,1));;
R8_27:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,4),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_35:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,9),SmallRing(2,1));;
R8_38:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,5),SmallRing(2,2));;
gap> m:=2;;I3:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ],[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] , [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ] ,[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ]];;R:=RingByGenerators([I3]);;Size(R);
8
不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=
1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=36,零因子个数n7=7
R8_40:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,10),SmallRing(2,1));;
R8_40:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,6),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_41:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,7),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_42:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,11),SmallRing(2,1));;
R8_42：
不可逆元个数n1=0【8】, 幂等元个数n2=2,特征：fail【2】,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=1,零乘个数n6=28,零因子个数n7=7
gap> m:=2;;I1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ],[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] , [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ] ,[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ]];;R:=RingByGenerators([I1]);;Size(R);
8
不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=
1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=1,零乘个数n6=28,零因子个数n7=7
R8_46=F_2[x]/(x^3)=F_2[x]/(x^3+x^2+x+1)
R8_47:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,8),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_48:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,9),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_48=F_2[x]/(x^3+x^2)=F_2[x]/(x^3+x)=F_2[x,y]/(x^3+x^2,y)
R8_49：
gap> R8:=RingByGenerators([L[2],L[70]]);;Size(R8);
8
gap> L[2];L[70];
[ [ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0 ] ]
[ [ Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2) ], [ Z(2)^0, Z(2)^0 ] ]
不可逆元个数n1=6,幂等元个数n2=6,特征：
2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=1,零乘个数n6=26,零因子个数n7=5
gap> m:=2;;T:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m)],[ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] , [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m)]];;T1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m)],[ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] , [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m)]];;R:=RingByGenerators([T,T1]);;Size(R);
8
不可逆元个数n1=6,幂等元个数n2=6,特征：2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=1,零乘个数n6=26,零因子个数n7=5
R8_50:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,10),SmallRing(2,2));;
布尔环是有零因子交换幺环。
布尔环的特征为2。a+a=2a=0
n阶布尔环有n2=n个幂等元。a^2=a
8阶布尔环只有1个：R8_50=R4_10×F_2。
4阶布尔环只有1个：R4_10=F_2+vF_2。
没有2阶布尔环。
R8_51:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,11),SmallRing(2,2));;
R8_51=F_2[x]/(x^3+x^2+x)=F_2[x]/(x^3+1)=F_2[x,y]/(x^3+1,y+1)=F_2[x,y]/(x^3+1,y)
gap> m:=2;;I6:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ],[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] , [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] ,[ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) , ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m) ]];;R:=RingByGenerators([I6]);;Size(R);
8
不可逆元个数n1=8【5】,幂等元个数n2=4,特征：2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false【true】,2次幂零元个数n4=0,2~3次幂零元个数n5=0,零乘个数n6=21,零因子个数n7=4
设f是Z/(p^r)上m次不可约多项式，伽罗瓦环GR(p^r,m)=GR[p^r^m,p^r]=Z/(p^r)[x]/(f)是p^r阶剩余类环Z/(p^r)的m次伽罗瓦扩张，是一个p^r^m阶有限环：
4阶伽罗瓦环仅有2个：R4_11=F_4=Z/(2)[x]/(x^2+x+1)=GR(2,2)=GR[4,2]，R4_3=Z/(4)=Z/(4)[x]/(x)=GR(4,1)=GR[4,4]。
8阶伽罗瓦环仅有2个：R8_52=F_8=Z/(2)[x]/(x^3+x+1)=GR(2,3)=GR[8,2]，R8_3=Z/(8)=Z/(8)[x]/(x)=GR(8,1)=GR[8,8]。
不是有限域的伽罗瓦环叫做真伽罗瓦环（proper Galois ring），最小的既不是有限域又不是剩余类环的伽罗瓦环是16阶环R16_105=Z[i]/(4)=Z/(4)[x]/(x^2+1)=GR(4,4)=GR[16,4]，注意x^2+1是Z/(4)[x]上的不可约多项式，但它的商环不是域。另外两个16阶伽罗瓦环是R16_3=Z/(16)=GR(16,1)=GR[16,16]、R16_390=F_16=GR(2,4)=GR[16,2]。
R8_52=F_2[x]/(x^3+x+1)=F_2[x]/(x^3+x^2+1)=F_2[x,y]/(x^3+x+1,y)=F_2[x,y]/(x^3+x^2+1,y)
gap> R8_1:=RingByGenerators([ZmodnZObj(8,64)]);;R8_2:=RingByGenerators([ZmodnZObj(2,16)]);;R8_3:=RingByGenerators([ZmodnZObj(1,8)]);;R8_4:=RingByGenerators([ZmodnZObj(4,32)]);;R8_14:=DirectSum(ZmodnZ(2),ZmodnZ(4));;I:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, 2 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 2 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 2 ), ZmodnZObj( 1, 2 ) ] ];;A:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, 2 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 2 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 2 ), ZmodnZObj( 0, 2 ) ] ];;B:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, 2 ), ZmodnZObj( 1, 2 ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, 2 ), ZmodnZObj( 1, 2 ) ] ];;R8_49:=RingByGenerators([I,A,B]);;m:=4;;I:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(1,m), ZmodnZObj(0,m) ], [ ZmodnZObj(0,m), ZmodnZObj(2,m) ] ];;R8_13:=RingByGenerators([I]);;Size(R8_13);;One(R8_13);;m:=4;;I:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(1,m), ZmodnZObj(0,m) ], [ ZmodnZObj(0,m), ZmodnZObj(3,m) ] ];;R8_21:=RingByGenerators([I]);;Size(R8_21);;One(R8_21);;m:=4;;a:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(1,m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ] ];;b:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(0,m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 2, m) ] ];;R:=RingByGenerators([a,b]);;m:=4;;I1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 2, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 2, m ) ] ];;B1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ] ];;R8_19:=RingByGenerators([I1,B1]);;m:=2;;I:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ] ];;I1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ] ];;I3:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ] ];;R8_50:=RingByGenerators([I1,I3]);;m:=2;;I:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ] ];;I1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ) ] ];;I3:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ] ];;A:=[ [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ), ZmodnZObj( 0, m ) ] ];;R8_44:=RingByGenerators([I3,A]);;m:=2;;A:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(0,m),ZmodnZObj(1,m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m) ]];;A1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(0,m),ZmodnZObj(1,m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m) ]];;A2:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(0,m),ZmodnZObj(1,m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m) ]];;R8_43:=RingByGenerators([A,A1,A2]);;m:=2;;B:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(0,m),ZmodnZObj(0,m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m) ]];;B1:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(0,m),ZmodnZObj(0,m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m) ]];;B2:=[ [ ZmodnZObj(0,m),ZmodnZObj(0,m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m), ZmodnZObj( 0, m) ], [ ZmodnZObj( 1, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(0, m), ZmodnZObj(1, m) ]];;R8_30:=RingByGenerators([B,B1,B2]);;m:=2;;I:=[[Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m)]];;I1:=[[Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)]];;I2:=[[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)]];;R8_28:=RingByGenerators([I,I2]);;m:=2;;I3:=[[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)],[Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),0*Z(m)],[0*Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m),Z(m)],[0*Z(m),Z(m),0*Z(m),Z(m)]];;R8_38:=RingByGenerators([I3]);;i:=0;;for R in [R8_1,R8_2,R8_3,R8_4,R8_13,R8_14,R8_19,R8_21,R8_28,R8_30,R8_38,R8_43,R8_44,R8_49,R8_50] do i:=i+1;L:=Elements(R);n1:=0;for i1 in L do if InverseMutable(i1)=fail then n1:=n1+1;fi;od;n2:=0;for i2 in L do if IsIdempotent(i2) then n2:=n2+1;fi;od;n3:=0;for i3 in L do if IsOne(i3) then n3:=n3+1;fi;od;n4:=0;for i4 in L do if IsZero(i4)=false and i4^2=Zero(R) then n4:=n4+1;fi;od;n5:=0;for i5 in L do if IsZero(i5)=false and i5^3=Zero(R) then n5:=n5+1;fi;od;n6:=0;for i6 in L do for j6 in L do if IsZero(i6*j6) then n6:=n6+1;fi;od;od;n7:=0;;for i7 in L do for j7 in L do if IsZero(i7)=false and IsZero(j7)=false and IsZero(i7*j7) then n7:=n7+1;break;fi;od;od;Print("I=",i,",不可逆元个数n1=",n1,",幂等元个数n2=",n2,",特征：",Characteristic(R),",是否交换：",IsAbelian(R),",是否有幺元=",n3=1,",2次幂零元个数n4=",n4,",2~3次幂零元个数n5=",n5,",零乘个数n6=",n6,",零因子个数n7=",n7,"\n");od;
I=1,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：
64,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=7,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=
64,零因子个数n7=7
I=2,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：
16,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
32,零因子个数n7=7
I=3,不可逆元个数n1=4,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：
8,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
20,零因子个数n7=3
I=4,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：
32,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=
48,零因子个数n7=7
I=5,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：
4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
32,零因子个数n7=7
I=6,不可逆元个数n1=0,幂等元个数n2=
4,特征：fail,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=
1,零乘个数n6=24,零因子个数n7=5
I=7,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：
4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=
40,零因子个数n7=7
I=8,不可逆元个数n1=4,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：
4,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
24,零因子个数n7=3
I=9,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=1,特征：
2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=5,2~3次幂零元个数n5=7,零乘个数n6=
48,零因子个数n7=7
I=10,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=5,特征：
2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
36,零因子个数n7=3
I=11,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=2,特征：
2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
36,零因子个数n7=7
I=12,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=5,特征：
2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
36,零因子个数n7=7
I=13,不可逆元个数n1=8,幂等元个数n2=3,特征：
2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=false,2次幂零元个数n4=3,2~3次幂零元个数n5=3,零乘个数n6=
28,零因子个数n7=7
I=14,不可逆元个数n1=6,幂等元个数n2=6,特征：
2,是否交换：false,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=1,2~3次幂零元个数n5=1,零乘个数n6=
26,零因子个数n7=5
I=15,不可逆元个数n1=7,幂等元个数n2=8,特征：
2,是否交换：true,是否有幺元=true,2次幂零元个数n4=0,2~3次幂零元个数n5=0,零乘个数n6=
27,零因子个数n7=6

R8_14=F_2+Z/4Z的加法群是C_2×C_4，特征是4。
gap> for i in [1..52] do R:=SmallRing(8,i);CR:=Center(R);Print("i=",i,",中心：",Size(CR),"\n");IsRing(CR);IsSubset(R,CR);od;
i=1,中心：8
i=2,中心：8
i=3,中心：8
i=4,中心：8
i=5,中心：8
i=6,中心：8
i=7,中心：8
i=8,中心：2
i=9,中心：2
i=10,中心：2
i=11,中心：8
i=12,中心：8
i=13,中心：8
i=14,中心：8
i=15,中心：2
i=16,中心：8
i=17,中心：8
i=18,中心：2
i=19,中心：8
i=20,中心：2
i=21,中心：8
i=22,中心：8
i=23,中心：8
i=24,中心：8
i=25,中心：8
i=26,中心：8
i=27,中心：8
i=28,中心：2
i=29,中心：2
i=30,中心：1
i=31,中心：8
i=32,中心：8
i=33,中心：8
i=34,中心：2
i=35,中心：8
i=36,中心：1
i=37,中心：2
i=38,中心：8
i=39,中心：2
i=40,中心：8
i=41,中心：2
i=42,中心：8
i=43,中心：1
i=44,中心：2
i=45,中心：8
i=46,中心：8
i=47,中心：2
i=48,中心：8
i=49,中心：2
i=50,中心：8
i=51,中心：8
i=52,中心：8
34种8阶交换环,11种幺环（10种交换幺环+1种非交换幺环）：
gap> for i in [1..52] do R:=SmallRing(8,i);;if IsAbelian(R) then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
i=1[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=2[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=3[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=4[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=5[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=6[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=7[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=11[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=12[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=13[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=14[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=16[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=17[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=19[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=21[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=22[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=23[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=24[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=25[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=26[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=27[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=31[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=32[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=33[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=35[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=38[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=40[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=42[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=45[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=46[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=48[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=50[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=51[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=52[ 1, 8 ]
gap> for i in [1..52] do R:=SmallRing(8,i);;if IsAbelian(R) and One(R)<>fail then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
i=3[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=14[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=21[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=22[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=45[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=46[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=48[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=50[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=51[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=52[ 1, 8 ]
gap> for i in [1..52] do R:=SmallRing(8,i);;if One(R)<>fail then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od; i=3[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=14[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=21[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=22[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=45[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=46[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=48[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=49[ 1, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=50[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=51[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
i=52[ 1, 8 ]
利用4阶环和2阶环的直积，可以构造出18种8阶交换环,4种交换幺环：
gap> for i in [1..11] do R:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,i),SmallRing(2,1));;if IsAbelian(R) then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
i=1[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=2[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=3[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=4[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=5[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=6[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=9[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=10[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=11[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
gap> for i in [1..11] do R:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,i),SmallRing(2,2));;if IsAbelian(R) then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
i=1[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=2[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=3[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=4[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=5[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=6[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=9[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=10[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=11[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
gap> for i in [1..11] do R:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,i),SmallRing(2,1));;if IsAbelian(R) and One(R)<>fail then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
gap> for i in [1..11] do R:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,i),SmallRing(2,2));;if IsAbelian(R) and One(R)<>fail then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
i=3[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=9[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=10[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=11[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]
gap> for i in [1..11] do R:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,i),SmallRing(2,1));;if One(R)<>fail then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
gap> for i in [1..11] do R:=DirectSum(SmallRing(4,i),SmallRing(2,2));;if One(R)<>fail then M:=Ideals(R);;Print("i=",i,List(M,Size),"\n");fi;od;
i=3[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=9[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=10[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8 ]
i=11[ 1, 2, 4, 8 ]