托福写作2

(2)
As an economic rule goes, when supply outweighs demand, the price decreases. The same seems true for the current situation for college graduates.
Since 1990, the central government has implemented the Grand College Enrollment Plan, with the total number of college graduates on the increase in the following years.
But the boomed economy does not provide enough jobs for those graduates coming out at a time. Therefore, many people reason that college graduates are not as competent as before.
for many of them have difficulties in finding jobs. But I disagree with this conclusion.


Firstly, admittedly, there are some college graduates who are not competent, but these students can not represent all the students.
Due to the Grand College Enrollment Plan, more and more high school students have access to the higher education.


Inevitably, the standard has been lowered; otherwise, university can not admit so many applicants.
While those smart students in high schools are more likely to have excellent performance, other not-so-good students would have difficulties in college learning.


As a result, those graduates with bad performance in college can not demonstrate the value of higher leanring to the society. and hence they gradually form the incompetent image of college graduates.


Secondly, those who hold this negative opinion do not take the social context into consideration. As is known, in the period wen China carried out planned economic policies, college graduates did not need to worry about their jobs, for "iron-bowls" waited for them after graduation.


But after the reform of higher education, college graduates have to find jobs fot themselves. When hundreds of thousands of graduates compete for a limited number of job vacancies, there are inevitably many who can not procure ideal jobs. Besides, employment is always influenced by global and national economy


When economy slows down, the corporate world would not recruit as many employees as before. For example, in 2009, many college graduates, from both prestigious universities and less-known universities, have difficulties in hunting jobs. In this sense, it is not college graduates that are incompetent,


instead, it is the social context that is unfavorable to college graduates. As factors combine to lead to a result, one can bot simply reach conclusions without taking various factors into account. Otherwise, one would make reductionist mistakes.


In this case, those who think college studetns are not as competent as before have made this kind of mistake. They just attribute college graduates' difficulties in finding jobs to their incompetence, without exploring the social and economic situations.
深度学习是机器学习的一个子领域,它基于人工神经网络的研究,特别是利用多层次的神经网络来进行学习和模式识别。深度学习模型能够学习数据的高层次特征,这些特征对于图像和语音识别、自然语言处理、医学图像分析等应用至关重要。以下是深度学习的一些关键概念和组成部分: 1. **神经网络(Neural Networks)**:深度学习的基础是人工神经网络,它是由多个层组成的网络结构,包括输入层、隐藏层和输出层。每个层由多个神经元组成,神经元之间通过权重连接。 2. **前馈神经网络(Feedforward Neural Networks)**:这是最常见的神经网络类型,信息从输入层流向隐藏层,最终到达输出层。 3. **卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks, CNNs)**:这种网络特别适合处理具有网格结构的数据,如图像。它们使用卷积层来提取图像的特征。 4. **循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Networks, RNNs)**:这种网络能够处理序列数据,如时间序列或自然语言,因为它们具有记忆功能,能够捕捉数据中的时间依赖性。 5. **长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)**:LSTM 是一种特殊的 RNN,它能够学习长期依赖关系,非常适合复杂的序列预测任务。 6. **生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Networks, GANs)**:由两个网络组成,一个生成器和一个判别器,它们相互竞争,生成器生成数据,判别器评估数据的真实性。 7. **深度学习框架**:如 TensorFlow、Keras、PyTorch 等,这些框架提供了构建、训练和部署深度学习模型的工具和库。 8. **激活函数(Activation Functions)**:如 ReLU、Sigmoid、Tanh 等,它们在神经网络中用于添加非线性,使得网络能够学习复杂的函数。 9. **损失函数(Loss Functions)**:用于评估模型的预测与真实值之间的差异,常见的损失函数包括均方误差(MSE)、交叉熵(Cross-Entropy)等。 10. **优化算法(Optimization Algorithms)**:如梯度下降(Gradient Descent)、随机梯度下降(SGD)、Adam 等,用于更新网络权重,以最小化损失函数。 11. **正则化(Regularization)**:技术如 Dropout、L1/L2 正则化等,用于防止模型过拟合。 12. **迁移学习(Transfer Learning)**:利用在一个任务上训练好的模型来提高另一个相关任务的性能。 深度学习在许多领域都取得了显著的成就,但它也面临着一些挑战,如对大量数据的依赖、模型的解释性差、计算资源消耗大等。研究人员正在不断探索新的方法来解决这些问题。
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