SqlServer 中所有表、列、视图、索引、主键、外键等常用sql

　　在数据库内创建的每个对象（约束、默认值、日志、规则、存储过程等）在表中占一行。只有在 tempdb 内，每个临时对象才在该表中占一行。
　　sysobjects 表结构：

列名	数据类型	描述
name	sysname	对象名,常用列
id	int	对象标识号
xtype	char(2)	对象类型。常用列。xtype可以是下列对象类型中的一种：  C = CHECK 约束 D = 默认值或 DEFAULT 约束 F = FOREIGN KEY 约束 L = 日志 FN = 标量函数  IF = 内嵌表函数  P = 存储过程  PK = PRIMARY KEY 约束（类型是 K）  RF = 复制筛选存储过程   S = 系统表  TF = 表函数  TR = 触发器  U = 用户表  UQ = UNIQUE 约束（类型是 K）  V = 视图  X = 扩展存储过程
uid	smallint	所有者用户对象编号
info	smallint	保留。仅限内部使用
status	int	保留。仅限内部使用
base_schema_ ver	int	保留。仅限内部使用
replinfo	int	保留。供复制使用
parent_obj	int	父对象的对象标识号（例如，对于触发器或约束，该标识号为表 ID）。
crdate	datetime	对象的创建日期。
ftcatid	smallint	为全文索引注册的所有用户表的全文目录标识符，对于没有注册的所有用户表则为 0
schema_ver	int	版本号，该版本号在每次表的架构更改时都增加。
stats_schema_ ver	int	保留。仅限内部使用。
type	char(2)	对象类型。可以是下列值之一：  C = CHECK 约束   D = 默认值或 DEFAULT 约束 F = FOREIGN KEY 约束  FN = 标量函数 IF = 内嵌表函数  K = PRIMARY KEY 或 UNIQUE 约束  L = 日志 P = 存储过程 R = 规则  RF = 复制筛选存储过程 S = 系统表  TF = 表函数 TR = 触发器 U = 用户表 V = 视图 X = 扩展存储过程
userstat	smallint	保留。
sysstat	smallint	内部状态信息
indexdel	smallint	保留
refdate	datetime	留用
version	int	保留
deltrig	int	保留
instrig	int	保留
updtrig	int	保留
seltrig	int	保留
category	int	用于发布、约束和标识
cache	smallint	保留

根据sysobjects 表格我们可以得到如下的查询:

1.获取所有表结构

select name as [表名] from sysobjects where xtype='U'and name !='dtproperties' 

2.获取所有的列

SELECT  d.name                                        表名,
       a.name                                           字段名,
       ( CASE
           WHEN Columnproperty(a.id, a.name, 'IsIdentity') = 1 THEN '是'
           ELSE '否'
         END )                                          标识,
          ( CASE
           WHEN Columnproperty(a.id, a.name, 'IsIdentity') = 1 THEN  IDENT_Seed( d.name )
           ELSE 0
         END )                                       标识种子 ,
          ( CASE
           WHEN Columnproperty(a.id, a.name, 'IsIdentity') = 1 THEN  Ident_Incr(d.name)
           ELSE 0
         END )  
                                   标识增长量,
       ( CASE
           WHEN (SELECT Count(*)
                 FROM   sysobjects
                 WHERE  ( name IN (SELECT name
                                   FROM   sysindexes
                                   WHERE  ( id = a.id )
                                          AND ( indid IN (SELECT indid
                                                          FROM   sysindexkeys
                                                          WHERE  ( id = a.id )
                                                                 AND ( colid IN (SELECT colid
                                                                                 FROM   syscolumns
                                                                                 WHERE  ( id = a.id )
                                                                                        AND ( name = a.name )) )) )) )
                        AND ( xtype = 'PK' )) > 0 THEN '是'
           ELSE '否'
         END )                                          主键,
       b.name                                           类型,
       a.length                                         占用字节数,
       Columnproperty(a.id, a.name, 'PRECISION')        AS 长度,
       Isnull(Columnproperty(a.id, a.name, 'Scale'), 0) AS 小数位数,
       ( CASE
           WHEN a.isnullable = 1 THEN '是'
           ELSE '否'
         END )                                          允许空,
       Isnull(e.text, '')                               默认值,
       Isnull(g.[value], ' ')                           AS [说明]
FROM  
 syscolumns a
       LEFT JOIN systypes b
              ON a.xtype = b.xusertype
       left JOIN sysobjects d
               ON a.id = d.id
                  AND d.xtype = 'U'
                  AND d.name <> 'dtproperties'
       LEFT JOIN syscomments e
              ON a.cdefault = e.id
       LEFT JOIN sys.extended_properties g
              ON a.id = g.major_id
                 AND a.colid = g.minor_id
       LEFT JOIN sys.extended_properties f
              ON d.id = f.class
                 AND f.minor_id = 0
WHERE  b.name IS NOT NULL and d.name is not null
--and  d.name='{0}' --如果只查询指定表,加上此条件
ORDER  BY a.id,
          a.colorder

3.获取所有的视图

select b.name as [视图名称],a.text as [视图脚本] from syscomments a inner join sysobjects b on a.id=b.id  where b.type='V'

4.获取所有主键约束

 SELECT
      tab.name AS [表名],
       idxCol.is_descending_key as [是否降序],
      idx.name AS [约束名称],
      idx.type_desc as [约束类型],
      col.name AS [约束列名]
      FROM

      sys.indexes idx

      JOIN sys.index_columns idxCol

      ON (idx.object_id = idxCol.object_id

      AND idx.index_id = idxCol.index_id

      AND idx.is_primary_key = 1)

      JOIN sys.tables tab

      ON (idx.object_id = tab.object_id)

      JOIN sys.columns col

      ON (idx.object_id = col.object_id

      AND idxCol.column_id = col.column_id);

5.获取所有唯一约束

SELECT

  tab.name AS [表名],
  idxCol.is_descending_key as [是否降序],
  idx.name AS [约束名称],
  idx.type_desc as [约束类型],
  col.name AS [约束列名]

FROM

  sys.indexes idx

    JOIN sys.index_columns idxCol 

      ON (idx.object_id = idxCol.object_id 

          AND idx.index_id = idxCol.index_id 

          AND idx.is_unique_constraint = 1)

    JOIN sys.tables tab

      ON (idx.object_id = tab.object_id)

    JOIN sys.columns col

      ON (idx.object_id = col.object_id

          AND idxCol.column_id = col.column_id);

6.获取所有外键约束

select

  oSub.name  AS  [子表名称],

  fk.name AS  [外键名称],

  SubCol.name AS [子表列名],

  oMain.name  AS  [主表名称],

  MainCol.name AS [主表列名]

from

  sys.foreign_keys fk  

    JOIN sys.all_objects oSub  

        ON (fk.parent_object_id = oSub.object_id)

    JOIN sys.all_objects oMain 

        ON (fk.referenced_object_id = oMain.object_id)

    JOIN sys.foreign_key_columns fkCols 

        ON (fk.object_id = fkCols.constraint_object_id)

    JOIN sys.columns SubCol 

        ON (oSub.object_id = SubCol.object_id  

            AND fkCols.parent_column_id = SubCol.column_id)

    JOIN sys.columns MainCol 

        ON (oMain.object_id = MainCol.object_id  

            AND fkCols.referenced_column_id = MainCol.column_id)

7.获取所有Check约束

SELECT

  tab.name AS [表名],

  chk.name AS [约束名称],

  col.name AS [约束列名],

  chk.definition AS [约束定义]

FROM

  sys.check_constraints chk

    JOIN sys.tables tab

      ON (chk.parent_object_id = tab.object_id)

    JOIN sys.columns col

      ON (chk.parent_object_id = col.object_id

          AND chk.parent_column_id = col.column_id)

8.获取所有默认约束

SELECT

  tab.name AS [表名],

  def.name AS [约束名称],

  col.name AS [约束列名],

  def.definition AS [约束定义]

      FROM

sys.default_constraints def

    JOIN sys.tables tab

      ON (def.parent_object_id = tab.object_id)

    JOIN sys.columns col

      ON (def.parent_object_id = col.object_id

          AND def.parent_column_id = col.column_id)

9.获取所有索引约束

SELECT
  tab.name AS [表名],
   idx.is_unique  as [是否唯一索引],
   idxCol.is_descending_key as [是否降序],
  idx.name AS [约束名称],
  idx.type_desc as [约束类型],
  col.name AS [约束列名]

FROM

  sys.indexes idx

    JOIN sys.index_columns idxCol 

      ON (idx.object_id = idxCol.object_id 

          AND idx.index_id = idxCol.index_id 

        AND idx.is_unique_constraint= 0 and is_primary_key=0)

    JOIN sys.tables tab

      ON (idx.object_id = tab.object_id)

    JOIN sys.columns col

      ON (idx.object_id = col.object_id

          AND idxCol.column_id = col.column_id);