定义命令模式
命令模式将“请求”封装成对象,以便使用不同的请求、队列或者日志来参数化其他对象。命令模式也支持可撤销的操作。命令对象将动作和接收者包进对象中。
应用场景
在面向对象的软件设计中,经常会遇到一个(或一系列)对象,对象本身的数据存储与对象的操作耦合在一起。例如一个对象有add(),edit(),delete()方法,这样对象支持的方法很难扩展,如果需要加入update()就必须修改代码,客户端与对象也是紧耦合的。命令模式是将一类对象的功能(行为,功能)抽象成一个命令对象,客户端在使用的时候,只与该命令对象打交道,而不用与对象打交道,分离命令的请求者和命令的执行者,降低了耦合性,可以使用不同的请求对客户进行参数化提高了程序设计的灵活性。命令模式的类图
下面是Head First设计模式上面定义命令模式的类图 遥控器问题:有一个附着多组开关按钮的遥控器,带有可编程插槽,每个都可以指定到一个不同的家电装置;有很多厂商开发的各种家电装置控制类;希望创建一组API,让每个插槽控制一个或一组装置。下面是Head First设计模式上实现遥控器问题的类图遥控器问题:
可以把遥控器的按钮看做是一个命令,按下命令的时候不需要知道命令是怎么执行的,我们可以将遥控器每个按键看做是一个命令对象,实现的时候用数组来表示遥控器的按钮位置,然后为数组赋值具体对应的命令对象
class Light {
String location = "";
public Light(String location) {
this.location = location;
}
public void on() {
System.out.println(location + " light is on");
}
public void off() {
System.out.println(location + " light is off");
}
}
//命令类实现
class LivingroomLightOffCommand implements Command {
Light light;
public LivingroomLightOffCommand(Light light) {
this.light = light;
}
public void execute() {
light.off();
}
}
class LivingroomLightOnCommand implements Command {
Light light;
public LivingroomLightOnCommand(Light light) {
this.light = light;
}
public void execute() {
light.on();
}
}
class Stereo {
String location;
public Stereo(String location) {
this.location = location;
}
public void on() {
System.out.println(location + " stereo is on");
}
public void off() {
System.out.println(location + " stereo is off");
}
public void setCD() {
System.out.println(location + " stereo is set for CD input");
}
public void setDVD() {
System.out.println(location + " stereo is set for DVD input");
}
public void setRadio() {
System.out.println(location + " stereo is set for Radio");
}
public void setVolume(int volume) {
// code to set the volume
// valid range: 1-11 (after all 11 is better than 10, right?)
System.out.println(location + " Stereo volume set to " + volume);
}
}
class StereoOffCommand implements Command {
Stereo stereo;
public StereoOffCommand(Stereo stereo) {
this.stereo = stereo;
}
public void execute() {
stereo.off();
}
}
class StereoOnWithCDCommand implements Command {
Stereo stereo;
public StereoOnWithCDCommand(Stereo stereo) {
this.stereo = stereo;
}
public void execute() {
stereo.on();
stereo.setCD();
stereo.setVolume(11);
}
}
class NoCommand implements Command {
public void execute() { }
public void undo() { }
}
// This is the invoker
//
//invoker相当于订单。它可以调用execute方法
class RemoteControl {
Command[] onCommands;
Command[] offCommands;
public RemoteControl() { //在构造器实例化并初始化两个开与关的数组
onCommands = new Command[7];
offCommands = new Command[7];
Command noCommand = new NoCommand();
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
onCommands[i] = noCommand;
offCommands[i] = noCommand; //在构造器中将每个插槽都预先指定成noCommand对象,以便确定每个插槽永远都有命令对象
}
}
//将命令记录在开关数组中对应的插槽位置插槽
public void setCommand(int slot, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {
onCommands[slot] = onCommand;
offCommands[slot] = offCommand;
}
//按下按键 调用execute
public void onButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
onCommands[slot].execute();
}
public void offButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
offCommands[slot].execute();
}
public String toString() {
StringBuffer stringBuff = new StringBuffer();
stringBuff.append("\n------ Remote Control -------\n");
for (int i = 0; i < onCommands.length; i++) {
stringBuff.append("[slot " + i + "] " + onCommands[i].getClass().getName()
+ " " + offCommands[i].getClass().getName() + "\n");
}
return stringBuff.toString();
}
}
//测试
public class RemoteLoader {
public static void main(String[] args) {
RemoteControl remoteControl = new RemoteControl();
Light livingRoomLight = new Light("Living Room");
Light kitchenLight = new Light("Kitchen");
CeilingFan ceilingFan= new CeilingFan("Living Room");
GarageDoor garageDoor = new GarageDoor("");
Stereo stereo = new Stereo("Living Room");
LightOnCommand livingRoomLightOn =
new LightOnCommand(livingRoomLight);
LightOffCommand livingRoomLightOff =
new LightOffCommand(livingRoomLight);
LightOnCommand kitchenLightOn =
new LightOnCommand(kitchenLight);
LightOffCommand kitchenLightOff =
new LightOffCommand(kitchenLight);
StereoOnWithCDCommand stereoOnWithCD =
new StereoOnWithCDCommand(stereo);
StereoOffCommand stereoOff =
new StereoOffCommand(stereo);
remoteControl.setCommand(0, livingRoomLightOn, livingRoomLightOff);
remoteControl.setCommand(1, stereoOnWithCD, stereoOff);
System.out.println(remoteControl)
remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);
remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(1);
remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(1);
}
}
撤销操作的实现
新加入undo方法 然后每个具体的命令类都实现这个方法:undo方法中调用的操作和execute()方法中的操作相反,比如on的反面是off。
遥控器类也要做一些修改:加入新的实例变量记录上一个操作,当按下撤销按钮,就调用该实例变量的undo()方法。
如果撤销到某一个状态需要记录一些变量值,则在execute()方法中加入保存操作前状态数值的语句,然后在undo()的时候恢复。
例如将一个控制电风扇的命令加上undo方法
public class CeilingFanOffCommand implements Command {
CeilingFan ceilingFan;
int prevSpeed;
public CeilingFanOffCommand(CeilingFan ceilingFan) {
this.ceilingFan = ceilingFan;
}
public void execute() {
prevSpeed = ceilingFan.getSpeed();
ceilingFan.off();
}
public void undo() {
if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.HIGH) {
ceilingFan.high();
} else if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.MEDIUM) {
ceilingFan.medium();
} else if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.LOW) {
ceilingFan.low();
} else if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.OFF) {
ceilingFan.off();
}
}
}
实现Party模式
实现Party模式就是按下一个遥控器开关按钮会有一系列的执行者j接收到命令按一定的次序执行操作。实现得方法是使用宏命令,用命令数组存储一大堆命令,在execute()方法中用一个for循环遍历这个数组,依次执行数组各个执行对象的execute
//实现命令数组
class MacroCommand implements Command {
Command[] commands;
public MacroCommand(Command[] commands) {
this.commands = commands;
}
public void execute() {
for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
commands[i].execute();
}
}
public void undo() {
for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
commands[i].undo();
}
}
}
//使用宏命令示例
Command[] partyOn = { lightOn, stereoOn, tvOn, hottubOn};
Command[] partyOff = { lightOff, stereoOff, tvOff, hottubOff};
MacroCommand partyOnMacro = new MacroCommand(partyOn);
MacroCommand partyOffMacro = new MacroCommand(partyOff);
remoteControl.setCommand(0, partyOnMacro, partyOffMacro);
System.out.println(remoteControl);
System.out.println("--- Pushing Macro On---");
remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
System.out.println("--- Pushing Macro Off---");
remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);