ramdisk文件系统的制作以及移植

ramdisk是一种基于内存的虚拟文件系统(并非一个实际的文件系统)，它将一部分固定大小(这个大小在编译内核的make menuconfig时配置)的内存当作硬盘一个分区来使用。ramdisk是一种将实际的文件系统装入内存的机制，并且可以作为根文件系统，通常我们会使用ext2或ext3文件系统来格式化它。由于ramdisk是在内存中进行操作的，所以我们可以对里面的文件进行添加，修改，删除等等操作，但是一掉电，就什么也没有了。由于这个特性，我们可以将一些经常被访问而又不会更改的文件(如只读的根文件系统)通过Ramdisk放在内存中，这样可以明显地提高系统的性能。

在Linux的启动阶段，内核和ramdisk都是由 bootloader在启动时加载至内存的指定位置()，而initrd提供了一套机制，可以将内核映像和根文件系统一起载入内存。initrd 是boot loader initialized RAM disk，顾名思义是在系统初始化引导时候用的ramdisk，它的作用是完善内核的模块机制，让内核的初始化流程更具弹性。

 

1、在内核中为256M的nandflash进行分区，修改文件arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/common-smdk.c 中第109行开始处的代码如下：

/* NAND parititon from 2.4.18-swl5,modify by guowenxue 2011.08.30, K9F2G08,256MiB */

 

static struct mtd_partitionsmdk_default_nand_part[] = {

        [0] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock0 u-boot 1MB",

                .size           = SZ_1M*1,

                .offset         = 0,

        },

        [1] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock1 kernel 4MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

               .size           = SZ_1M*4,

        },

        [2] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock2 ramdisk10MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = SZ_1M*10,

        },

        [3] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock3 cramfs 15MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = SZ_1M*15,

        },

        [4] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock4 jffs2 40MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = SZ_1M*40,

        },

        [5] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock5 yaffs2 40MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = SZ_1M*40,

        },

        [6] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock6 ubifs 40MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = SZ_1M*40,

        },

        [7] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock7 info 1MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = SZ_1M*1,

        },

        [8] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock8 apps 40MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

               .size           = SZ_1M*40,

        },

        [9] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock9 data 40MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = SZ_1M*40,

        },

        [10] = {

                .name           = "mtdblock10 backup25MB",

                .offset         = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,

                .size           = MTDPART_SIZ_FULL,

        }

};

 

下面是修改后的内核在开发板启动时打印的信息：

Creating 11 MTD partitions on "NAND":
0x000000000000-0x000000100000 : "mtdblock0 u-boot 1MB"
0x000000100000-0x000000500000 : "mtdblock1 kernel 4MB"
0x000000500000-0x000000f00000: "mtdblock2 ramdisk 10MB"
0x000000f00000-0x000001e00000: "mtdblock3 cramfs 15MB"
0x000001e00000-0x000004600000 : "mtdblock3 jffs2 40MB"
0x000004600000-0x000006e00000 : "mtdblock4 yaffs2 40MB"
0x000006e00000-0x000009600000 : "mtdblock5 ubifs 40MB"
0x000009600000-0x000009700000 : "mtdblock6 info 1MB"
0x000009700000-0x00000bf00000 : "mtdblock7 apps 40MB"
0x00000bf00000-0x00000e700000 : "mtdblock8 data 40MB"
0x00000e700000-0x000010000000 : "mtdblock9 backup 25MB"

 

我们现在重点关心mtdblock2这个分区，它将是我们存放ramdisk映像的地方。

修改内核：

[lingyun@localhostlinux-3.0]$ vt100

[lingyun@localhostlinux-3.0]$ make menuconfig

Generalsetup  ---> 

[*] InitialRAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support

DeviceDrivers  --->

[*] Block devices  --->

<*>   RAM block device support

(1)     Default number of RAM disks

(16384)Default RAM disk size (kbytes)

 

 

 

编译内核：

[lingyun@localhostlinux-3.0]$ sudo make

[lingyun@localhostlinux-3.0]$ ls

arch     crypto         fs       Kbuild  MAINTAINERS      modules.order   REPORTING-BUGS  sound              usr

block    Documentation  include Kconfig  Makefile         Module.symvers  samples         System.map         virt

COPYING  drivers       init     kernel   mm               net             scripts         tools              vmlinux

CREDITS  firmware      ipc      lib      modules.builtin  README          security        uImage-s3c2440.gz vmlinux.o

[lingyun@localhostlinux-3.0]$ du -h uImage-s3c2440.gz

2.5M    uImage-s3c2440.gz

[lingyun@localhostlinux-3.0]$ cp uImage-s3c2440.gz/tftp/yz_ramdisk.gz

 

 

制作镜像文件：

使用dd命令建立一个16MB的文件系统映像ramdisk. 以/dev/zero对其初始化.对于dd命令可以参考

http://www.cnblogs.com/dkblog/archive/2009/09/18/1980715.html

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ ls

busybox-1.20.2  busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2  linux-3.0 linux-3.0.tar.bz2  mkimage  rootfs

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=ramdisk bs=1Mcount=16

16+0 recordsin

16+0 recordsout

16777216 bytes(17 MB) copied, 0.01041 s, 1.6 GB/s

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ ls

busybox-1.20.2  busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2  linux-3.0 linux-3.0.tar.bz2  mkimage  ramdisk rootfs

 

注：因为ramdisk只是一个块设备，只有将其格式化为特定的文件系统后才能使用，我们将其格式化ext2格式：

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ mke2fs -F -v -m0 ramdisk

mke2fs 1.42.7(21-Jan-2013)

fs_types formke2fs.conf resolution: 'ext2', 'small'

Discardingdevice blocks: done                           

Discardsucceeded and will return 0s  - skippinginode table wipe

Filesystemlabel=

OS type: Linux

Blocksize=1024 (log=0)

Fragmentsize=1024 (log=0)

Stride=0blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

4096 inodes,16384 blocks

0 blocks(0.00%) reserved for the super user

First datablock=1

Maximumfilesystem blocks=16777216

2 block groups

8192 blocksper group, 8192 fragments per group

2048 inodesper group

Superblockbackups stored on blocks:

        8193

 

Allocatinggroup tables: done                           

Writing inodetables: done                           

Writingsuperblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ file ramdisk

ramdisk: Linuxrev 1.0 ext2 filesystem data

其中：
       -F : 迫使mke2fs在ramdisk.image上运行, 否则, mke2fs会抱怨ramdisk.image不是块备.
       -v : 以verbose模式运行
       -m0 : 指定不必在文件系统上为"超级用户"保留任何block.(一般嵌入式Linux都是单用户系统).

挂载ramdisk，并拷贝制作好的根文件系统到mnt目录下：

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ mkdir mnt

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ ls

busybox-1.20.2  busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2  linux-3.0 linux-3.0.tar.bz2  mkimage  mnt ramdisk  rootfs

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ sudo mount -o loop ramdisk mnt/

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ mount |grep ramdisk

/usr/local/src/lingyun/yangzheng/ramdiskon /usr/local/src/lingyun/yangzheng/mnt type ext2 (rw,loop=/dev/loop1)

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ ls mnt/

lost+found

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ rm -rf mnt/*

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ ls mnt/

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ sudo cp -af rootfs/* mnt/

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ ls mnt/

apps  bin data  dev  etc haha  info  init lib  linuxrc  mnt proc  root  sbin sys  tmp  usr var

卸载并压缩ramdisk根文件系统Image：

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ sudo umount ramdisk

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ du -h ramdisk

16M     ramdisk

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ gzip ramdisk

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ ls

busybox-1.20.2  busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2  linux-3.0 linux-3.0.tar.bz2  mkimage  mnt ramdisk.gz  rootfs

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ du -h ramdisk.gz

5.8M    ramdisk.gz

[lingyun@localhostyangzheng]$ cp ramdisk.gz /tftp/yz_ramdisk.gz

 

 

 

添加u-boot对ramdisk的支持：

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]# set bkr 'tftp30008000 yz_ramuImage-2440.gz;nand erase 100000 27dd40;nand write 30008000100000 27dd40'

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]# set brdfs 'tftp30008000 yz_ramdisk.gz;nand erase 500000 5b42c7;nandwrite 30008000 500000 5b42c7'

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]# set bootcmd_ramdisk'nand read 30008000 100000 27dd40;nand read 30800000 500000 5b42c7;bootm 30008000'

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]#  set bootcmd 'run bootcmd_ramdisk'

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]#set bootargs'console=ttyS0,115200 mem=64Minitrd=0x30800000,16Mroot=/dev/ram0 rw loglevel=7'

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]# save

 

启动linux：

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]# run bkr

dm9000 i/o:0x20000300, id: 0x90000a46

DM9000:running in 16 bit mode

MAC:08:00:3e:26:0a:6b

could notestablish link

operating at 100M full duplex mode

Using dm9000device

TFTP fromserver 192.168.1.3; our IP address is 192.168.1.244

Filename'yz_ramuImage-2440.gz'.

Load address:0x30008000

Loading: T#################################################################

        #################################################################

         ################################################

done

Bytestransferred = 2612544 (27dd40 hex)

 

NAND erase:device 0 offset 0x100000, size 0x27e000

Erasing at0x360000 -- 100% complete.

OK

 

NAND write:device 0 offset 0x100000, size 0x27e000

 2613248 bytes written: OK

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]# run brdfs

dm9000 i/o:0x20000300, id: 0x90000a46

DM9000:running in 16 bit mode

MAC:08:00:3e:26:0a:6b

could notestablish link

operating at 100M full duplex mode

Using dm9000device

TFTP fromserver 192.168.1.3; our IP address is 192.168.1.244

Filename'yz_ramdisk.gz'.

Load address:0x30008000

Loading: T T#################################################################

        #################################################################

         #################################################################

        #################################################################

        #################################################################

        #################################################################

         ##################

done

Bytestransferred = 5980871 (5b42c7hex)

 

NAND erase:device 0 offset 0x500000, size 0x5b4800

Erasing at0xaa0000 -- 100% complete.

OK

 

NAND write:device 0 offset 0x500000, size 0x5b4800

 5982208 bytes written: OK

[ s3c2440@ yangzheng ]# boot

 

NAND read:device 0 offset 0x100000, size 0x27e000

 2613248 bytes read: OK

 

NAND read:device 0 offset 0x500000, size 0x5b4800

 5982208 bytes read: OK

## Bootingkernel from Legacy Image at 30008000 ...

   Image Name:  Linux Kernel

   Created:     2013-06-01  11:56:31 UTC

   Image Type:  ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)

   Data Size:   2612480 Bytes = 2.5 MiB

   Load Address: 30008000

   Entry Point: 30008040

   Verifying Checksum ... OK

   XIP Kernel Image ... OK

OK

OS entrypoint: 30008040

Image entrypoint=30008040

 

Startingkernel ...

 

UncompressingLinux... done, booting the kernel.

Linux version 3.0.0(lingyun@localhost.localdomain) (gcc version 4.5.4 (Buildroot 2012.08) ) #4 SatJun 1 19:56:27 CST 2013

CPU: ARM920T[41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177

CPU: VIVT datacache, VIVT instruction cache

Machine:SMDK2440

Memory policy:ECC disabled, Data cache writeback

CPU S3C2440A(id 0x32440001)

S3C24XX Clocks, Copyright 2004 SimtecElectronics

S3C244X: core 405.000 MHz, memory 101.250MHz, peripheral 50.625 MHz

CLOCK: Slowmode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on

Built 1zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256

Kernel commandline: console=ttyS0,115200 mem=64Minitrd=0x30800000,16Mroot=/dev/ram0 rw loglevel=7

PID hash tableentries: 256 (order: -2, 1024 bytes)

Dentry cachehash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)

Inode-cachehash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

Memory: 64MB =64MB total

Memory:43088k/43088k available, 22448k reserved, 0K highmem

Virtual kernelmemory layout:

    vector : 0xffff0000 - 0xffff1000   (   4 kB)

    fixmap : 0xfff00000 - 0xfffe0000   ( 896kB)

    DMA    : 0xffc00000 - 0xffe00000   (   2 MB)

    vmalloc : 0xc4800000 - 0xf6000000   ( 792 MB)

    lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xc4000000   (  64 MB)

    modules : 0xbf000000 - 0xc0000000   (  16MB)

      .init : 0xc0008000 - 0xc002f000  ( 156 kB)

      .text : 0xc002f000 - 0xc04f3000   (4880 kB)

      .data : 0xc04f4000 - 0xc0523960  ( 191 kB)

       .bss : 0xc0523984 - 0xc054fde4   ( 178 kB)

NR_IRQS:85

irq: clearingpending ext status 00080000

irq: clearingsubpending status 00000003

irq: clearingsubpending status 00000002

Console:colour dummy device 80x30

console[ttyS0] enabled

Calibrating delayloop... 201.52 BogoMIPS (lpj=503808)

pid_max:default: 32768 minimum: 301

Mount-cachehash table entries: 512

CPU: Testingwrite buffer coherency: ok

gpiochip_add:gpios 288..303 (GPIOK) failed to register

gpiochip_add:gpios 320..334 (GPIOL) failed to register

gpiochip_add:gpios 352..353 (GPIOM) failed to register

NET:Registered protocol family 16

S3C Power Management, Copyright 2004Simtec Electronics

S3C2440: Initialising architecture

S3C2440: IRQ Support

S3C24XX DMA Driver, Copyright 2003-2006Simtec Electronics

DMA channel 0at c4804000, irq 33

DMA channel 1at c4804040, irq 34

DMA channel 2at c4804080, irq 35

DMA channel 3at c48040c0, irq 36

S3C244X: Clock Support, DVS off

bio: createslab <bio-0> at 0

SCSI subsysteminitialized

usbcore:registered new interface driver usbfs

usbcore:registered new interface driver hub

usbcore:registered new device driver usb

s3c-i2cs3c2440-i2c: slave address 0x10

s3c-i2cs3c2440-i2c: bus frequency set to 98 KHz

s3c-i2cs3c2440-i2c: i2c-0:S3C I2C adapter

Advanced LinuxSound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.24.

cfg80211:Calling CRDA to update world regulatory domain

NET:Registered protocol family 2

IP route cachehash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)

TCPestablished hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)

TCP bind hashtable entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)

TCP: Hashtables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)

TCP reno registered

UDP hash tableentries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)

UDP-Lite hashtable entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)

NET:Registered protocol family 1

RPC:Registered named UNIX socket transport module.

RPC:Registered udp transport module.

RPC:Registered tcp transport module.

RPC:Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.

Trying tounpack rootfs image as initramfs...

rootfs imageis not initramfs (no cpio magic); looks like an initrd

Freeing initrdmemory: 16384K

NetWinderFloating Point Emulator V0.97 (extended precision)

NTFS driver 2.1.30[Flags: R/W].

JFFS2 version2.2. (NAND) (SUMMARY)  漏 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.

msgmni hasbeen set to 116

io schedulernoop registered

io schedulerdeadline registered

io schedulercfq registered (default)

Console:switching to colour frame buffer device 60x34

fb0: s3c2410fb frame buffer device

s3c2440-uart.0: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x50000000(irq = 70) is a S3C2440

s3c2440-uart.1: ttyS1 at MMIO 0x50004000(irq = 73) is a S3C2440

s3c2440-uart.2: ttyS2 at MMIO 0x50008000(irq = 76) is a S3C2440

brd: moduleloaded

loop: moduleloaded

S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 SimtecElectronics

s3c24xx-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=3, 29ns Twrph0=7 69ns, Twrph1=329ns

s3c24xx-nand s3c2440-nand: NAND soft ECC

NAND device:Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0xda (Samsung NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit)

Scanningdevice for bad blocks

Bad eraseblock421 at 0x0000034a0000

Bad eraseblock1177 at 0x000009320000

Bad eraseblock1727 at 0x00000d7e0000

Creating 11MTD partitions on "NAND":

0x000000000000-0x000000100000: "mtdblock0 u-boot 1MB"

0x000000100000-0x000000500000: "mtdblock1 kernel 4MB"

0x000000500000-0x000000f00000 : "mtdblock2 ramdisk10MB"

0x000000f00000-0x000001e00000 :"mtdblock3 cramfs 15MB"

0x000001e00000-0x000004600000: "mtdblock3 jffs2 40MB"

0x000004600000-0x000006e00000: "mtdblock4 yaffs2 40MB"

0x000006e00000-0x000009600000: "mtdblock5 ubifs 40MB"

0x000009600000-0x000009700000: "mtdblock6 info 1MB"

0x000009700000-0x00000bf00000: "mtdblock7 apps 40MB"

0x00000bf00000-0x00000e700000: "mtdblock8 data 40MB"

0x00000e700000-0x000010000000: "mtdblock9 backup 25MB"

PPP genericdriver version 2.4.2

PPP DeflateCompression module registered

PPP BSDCompression module registered

PPP MPPECompression module registered

NET:Registered protocol family 24

dm9000Ethernet Driver, V1.31

eth0: dm9000a at c4864300,c4866304 IRQ 51 MAC:08:00:3e:26:0a:6b(chip)

usbcore: registerednew interface driver rt2800usb

ohci_hcd: USB1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver

s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: S3C24XXOHCI

s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned busnumber 1

s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: irq 42, io mem 0x49000000

usb usb1: NewUSB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001

usb usb1: NewUSB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1

usb usb1:Product: S3C24XXOHCI

usb usb1:Manufacturer: Linux 3.0.0 ohci_hcd

usb usb1:SerialNumber: s3c24xx

hub 1-0:1.0: USBhub found

hub 1-0:1.0: 2ports detected

InitializingUSB Mass Storage driver...

usbcore:registered new interface driver usb-storage

USB MassStorage support registered.

usbcore:registered new interface driver usbserial

usbserial: USBSerial Driver core

USB Serialsupport registered for ch341-uart

usbcore:registered new interface driver ch341

USB Serialsupport registered for FTDI USB Serial Device

usbcore:registered new interface driver ftdi_sio

ftdi_sio: v1.6.0:USBFTDI Serial Converters Driver

USB Serialsupport registered for GSM modem (1-port)

usbcore:registered new interface driver option

option: v0.7.2:USBDriver for GSM modems

USB Serialsupport registered for pl2303

usbcore:registered new interface driver pl2303

pl2303:Prolific PL2303 USB to serial adaptor driver

mousedev: PS/2mouse device common for all mice

S3C24XX RTC, (c) 2004,2006 SimtecElectronics

i2c /dev entries driver

usbcore:registered new interface driver usbhid

usbhid: USBHID core driver

ALSA devicelist:

  No soundcards found.

Netfiltermessages via NETLINK v0.30.

nf_conntrackversion 0.5.0 (929 buckets, 3716 max)

ctnetlinkv0.93: registering with nfnetlink.

xt_time:kernel timezone is -0000

ip_set:protocol 6

IPVS:Registered protocols (TCP, UDP, AH, ESP)

IPVS:Connection hash table configured (size=4096, memory=32Kbytes)

IPVS: Creatingnetns size=1008 id=0

IPVS: ipvsloaded.

IPVS: [rr]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [wrr]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [lc]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [wlc]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [lblc]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [lblcr]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [dh]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [sh]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [sed]scheduler registered.

IPVS: [nq]scheduler registered.

ip_tables: (C)2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team

ipt_CLUSTERIP:ClusterIP Version 0.8 loaded successfully

arp_tables:(C) 2002 David S. Miller

TCP cubicregistered

NET:Registered protocol family 17

lib80211:common routines for IEEE802.11 drivers

Registeringthe dns_resolver key type

drivers/rtc/hctosys.c:unable to open rtc device (rtc0)

RAMDISK: gzipimage found at block 0

usb 1-1: newfull speed USB device number 2 using s3c2410-ohci

usb 1-1: NewUSB device found, idVendor=05e3, idProduct=0606

usb 1-1: NewUSB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0

usb 1-1:Product: USB Hub 2.0

hub 1-1:1.0:USB hub found

hub 1-1:1.0: 4ports detected

VFS: Mountedroot (ext2 filesystem) on device 1:0.

Freeing initmemory: 156K

dm9000 dm9000:eth0: link down

dm9000 dm9000:eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0xCDE1

 

Copyright (C)2013 yangzheng<yz2012ww@gmail.com>

root login:root

>: ls

apps     data    etc      info     lib     mnt      root     sys     usr

bin      dev     haha     init     linuxrc proc     sbin     tmp     var

 

 

测试一下：

>: rm -rf *

…………

-sh: ls: notfound

>: cd

>: cd dev/

 

重启开发板后一切恢复原样