c++11实现一个简单的lexical_cast

boost中有一个lexical_cast可以用统一的方式来做基本类型之间的转换，比如字符串到数字，数字到字符串，bool和字符串及数字之间的相互转换。boost::lexical_cast的用法比较简单：

#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include <string> 
#define ERROR_LEXICAL_CAST     1 
int main()
{
    using boost::lexical_cast;
    int         a = 0;
    double        b = 0.0;
    std::string s = ""; 
    int            e = 0;    
    try
    { 
        // ----- 字符串 --> 数值 
        a = lexical_cast<int>("123");
        b = lexical_cast<double>("123.12");
        // ----- 数值 --> 字符串
        s = lexical_cast<std::string>("123456.7"); 
        // ----- 异常处理演示
        e = lexical_cast<int>("abc");
    }
    catch(boost::bad_lexical_cast& e)
    {
        // bad lexical cast: source type value could not be interpreted as target
        std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
        return ERROR_LEXICAL_CAST;
    } 
    
    std::cout << a << std::endl;    // 输出：123 
    std::cout << b << std::endl;    // 输出：123.12 
    std::cout << s << std::endl;     // 输出：123456.7 
    return 0;
}

　　c++11中缺少lexical_cast方法，但是c++11已经提供了一些基本类型转换的方法，比如to_string, atoi, atof等等，但是我们不能通过一种通用的方式来做基本类型转换，因此我希望做一个类似boost的lexical_cast做基本类型的转换，这也是我们的c++社区的一个开发计划。

　　由于c++11已经提供了一些便利的方法，我要做的事情就变得很简单了，就是把他们糅合在一起并提供一个统一的lexical_cast的方法即可。

　　实现思路也很简单，转换主要有这几种：1.数字到字符串的转换；2.字符串到数字的转换；3.bool与字符串的相互转换；4.数字转换为bool；具体的实现代码如下：

#include <type_traits>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <algorithm>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

namespace detail
{
    const char* strue = "true";
    const char* sfalse = "false";

    template <typename To, typename From>
    struct Converter
    {
    };

    //to numeric
    template <typename From>
    struct Converter<int, From>
    {
        static int convert(const From& from)
        {
            return std::atoi(from);
        }
    };

    template <typename From>
    struct Converter<long, From>
    {
        static long convert(const From& from)
        {
            return std::atol(from);
        }
    };

    template <typename From>
    struct Converter<long long, From>
    {
        static long long convert(const From& from)
        {
            return std::atoll(from);
        }
    };

    template <typename From>
    struct Converter<double, From>
    {
        static double convert(const From& from)
        {
            return std::atof(from);
        }
    };

    template <typename From>
    struct Converter<float, From>
    {
        static float convert(const From& from)
        {
            return (float)std::atof(from);
        }
    };

    //to bool
    template <typename From>
    struct Converter<bool, From>
    {
        static typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<From>::value, bool>::type convert(From from)
        {
            return !!from;
        }
    };

    bool checkbool(const char* from, const size_t len, const char* s)
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
        {
            if (from[i] != s[i])
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    static bool convert(const char* from)
    {
        const unsigned int len = strlen(from);
        if (len != 4 && len != 5)
            throw std::invalid_argument("argument is invalid");

        bool r = true;
        if (len == 4)
        {
            r = checkbool(from, len, strue);

            if (r)
                return true;
        }
        else
        {
            r = checkbool(from, len, sfalse);

            if (r)
                return false;
        }

        throw std::invalid_argument("argument is invalid");
    }

    template <>
    struct Converter<bool, string>
    {
        static bool convert(const string& from)
        {
            return detail::convert(from.c_str());
        }
    };

    template <>
    struct Converter<bool, const char*>
    {
        static bool convert(const char* from)
        {
            return detail::convert(from);
        }
    };

    template <>
    struct Converter<bool, char*>
    {
        static bool convert(char* from)
        {
            return detail::convert(from);
        }
    };

    template <unsigned N>
    struct Converter<bool, const char[N]>
    {
        static bool convert(const char(&from)[N])
        {
            return detail::convert(from);
        }
    };

    template <unsigned N>
    struct Converter<bool, char[N]>
    {
        static bool convert(const char(&from)[N])
        {
            return detail::convert(from);
        }
    };

    //to string
    template <typename From>
    struct Converter<string, From>
    {
        static string convert(const From& from)
        {
            return std::to_string(from);
        }
    };
}

template <typename To, typename From>
typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<To, From>::value, To>::type lexical_cast(const From& from)
{
    return detail::Converter<To, From>::convert(from);
}

template <typename To, typename From>
typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<To, From>::value, To>::type lexical_cast(const From& from)
{
    return from;
}

前后花了一个多小时，一个基本的类型转换类就完成了，再测试一下吧，测试代码：

void test()
{
    cout<<lexical_cast<int>(1)<<endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<int>("1") << endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<long>("1") << endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<string>(1) << endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<bool>(1) << endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<double>("1.2") << endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<float>("1.2") << endl;
    string s = "true";
    cout << lexical_cast<bool>(s) << endl;
    char* p = "false";
    cout << lexical_cast<bool>(p) << endl;
    const char* q = "false";
    cout << lexical_cast<bool>(q) << endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<bool>("false") << endl;
    cout << lexical_cast<bool>("test") << endl;
}

int main()
{
    try
    {
        test();
    }
    catch (const std::exception& e)
    {
        cout << e.what() << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}