查看数据库编码:
show create database db_name;
查看表编码:
show create table tbl_name;
查看字段编码:
show full columns from tbl_name;
show full fields from tbl_name;
MySql 端配置
1. 修改my.ini文件
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8
说明:修改链接字符集和校对规则,它会同时设置character_set_client, character_set_connection, character_set_results
也可以修改
[mysqld]
default-character-set=utf8
说明: 这里修改的是服务器的字符集和校对规则。
查看当前服务器的字符集和校对规则:
mysql> show variables like 'character_set_server';
mysql> show variables like 'collation_server';
2. 修改数据库和表的字符集和校队规则。
例如:
-- Create Database.
drop database if exists HRDB;
create database HRDB DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8; # CHARSET=utf8
use HRDB;
-- 角色表
create table HR_ROLE (
ID bigint not null auto_increment,
NAME varchar(20) not null unique,
primary key (ID)
) ENGINE=INNODB DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8; # CHARSET=utf8
查看当前数据库的字符集和校对规则:
mysql> show variables like 'character_set_database';
mysql> show variables like 'collation_database';
查看表的字符集和校对规则:
mysql> show create table HR_ROLE \G;
MySQL字符集终极解决方案
开源数据库MySQL从来都是中小企业构建web应用的首选,特别是和PHP配合简直就是一对黄金搭档,深受web开发人员的喜爱。但自从4.1以来MySQL加入了多字符集的支持,很多MySQL使用者发现中文居然不能使用了,显示变成了一堆乱码!以致于很多人还在使用3.24.58的老版本,最近上MySQL网站,发现居然不提供3.24版本的下载了,MySQL已经彻底放弃3.24版本了。好在我还留有一份windows版的copy,就当作纪念吧。
怎么会产生乱码现象的,怎么解决?只要翻下网上的解决方案,马上就可以得出答案:“在获得连接之后执行一句set names 'gb2312'”,但这样做的原因是什么呢?总结一下我的经验。
MySQL处理连接时,外部连接发送过来的SQL请求会根据以下顺序进行转换:
character_set_client //客户连接所采用的字符集
|
character_set_connection //MySQL连接字符集
|
character_set_database //数据库所采用的字符集(表,列)
|
character_set_results //客户机显示所采用的字符集
一. 产生乱码的根本原因在于:
1.客户机没有正确地设置client字符集,导致原先的SQL语句被转换成connection所指字符集,而这种转换,是会丢失信息的,如果client是utf8格式,那么如果转换成gb2312格式,这其中必定会丢失信息,反之则不会丢失。一定要保证connection的字符集大于client字符集才能保证转换不丢失信息。
2. 数据库字体没有设置正确,如果数据库字体设置不正确,那么connection字符集转换成database字符集照样丢失编码,原因跟上面一样。
二.为什么set names 'gb2312'就可以了呢
set names 'gb2312'相当于这三条语句:
set character_set_client = gb2312;
set character_set_connection = gb2312;
set character_set_results = gb2312;
这样做的话,上述产生乱码的原因1就不存在了,因为编码格式都统一了,但是这样做并不是万金油。原因有:
1.你的client不一定是用gb2312编码发送SQL的,如果编码不是gb2312那么转换成gb2312就会产生问题。
2.你的数据库中的表不一定是gb2312格式,如果不是gb2312格式而是其他的比如说latin1,那么在存储字符集的时候就会产生信息丢失。
综上,终极解决方案如下:
1.首先要明确你的客户端时候何种编码格式,这是最重要的(IE6一般用utf8,命令行一般是gbk,一般程序是gb2312)
2.确保你的数据库使用utf8格式,很简单,所有编码通吃。
3.一定要保证connection字符集大于等于client字符集,不然就会信息丢失,比如: latin1 < gb2312 < gbk < utf8,若设置set character_set_client = gb2312,那么至少connection的字符集要大于等于gb2312,否则就会丢失信息
4.以上三步做正确的话,那么所有中文都被正确地转换成utf8格式存储进了数据库,为了适应不同的浏览器,不同的客户端,你可以修改character_set_results来以不同的编码显示中文字体,由于utf8是大方向,因此web应用是我还是倾向于使用utf8格式显示中文的。
以上就是我的心得了。附上连接源码,现行设置,程序中就可以不考虑字符集问题了
include "conf/system.php";
class Connection {
private $conn;
function __construct() {
global $mysql_ipaddr, $mysql_port, $mysql_db, $mysql_user, $mysql_pass;
try {
$this->conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$mysql_ipaddr;port=$mysql_port;dbname=$mysql_db", $mysql_user, $mysql_pass);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
print "MySQL服务器连接失败: " . $e->getMessage() . "<br>";
die();
}
}
public function getConnection() {
if ($this->conn != null) {
$this->conn->query("set character_set_client = gb2312"); //客户端使用gb2312格式
$this->conn->query("set character_set_connection = utf8"); //连接字符集使用utf8格式
$this->conn->query("set character_set_results = utf8"); //显示字符集使用utf8格式
return $this->conn;
}
}
public function closeConnection() {
if ($this->conn != null) {
$this->conn = null;
}
}
}
Q: 在写一个查询条件时的问题:如我想写一个字段中包含“李”字的所有记录 $str="李";
select * from table where field like '%$str%' ;
显示的记录中除了包含”李”字的记录,还有不包含“李”字的记录。为什么?
A: 在MySQL中,进行中文排序和查找的时候,对汉字的排序和查找结果是错误的。这种情况在MySQL的很多版本中都存在。如果这个问题不解决,那么MySQL将无法实际处理中文。出现这个问题的原因是:MySQL在查询字符串时是大小写不敏感的,在编绎MySQL时一般以ISO-8859字符集作为默认的字符集,因此在比较过程中中文编码字符大小写转换造成了这种现象。
现在mysql上遇到一个问题,我们的字符集是gb2312.在中文模糊查找时,会有不相关的结果集.
从问题的根本原因分析,还有下面的问题。例:
汉字“不”的第1、2字节ascii值分别为:178与187
汉字“安”的第1、2字节ascii值分别为:176与178
汉字“花”的第1、2字节ascii值分别为:187与168
聪明的人已经看出来了:在字符串“安花”中模糊查找字符“不”字时,mysql系统也会认为两者匹配!
出现这个问题的原因是:MySQL在查询字符串时是大小写不敏感的,在编绎MySQL时一般以ISO-8859字符集作为默认的字符集,因此在比较过程中中文编码字符大小写转换造成了这种现象。
方法一:
解决方法是对于包含中文的字段加上"binary"属性,使之作为二进制比较,例如将"name char(10)"改成"name char(10)binary"。
方法二:
如果你使用源码编译MySQL,可以编译MySQL时使用--with--charset=gbk 参数,这样MySQL就会直接支持中文查找和排序了。
方法三:
可以使用 Mysql 的 locate 函数来判断。以上述问题为例,使用方法为:
SELECT * FROM table WHERE locate(field,'李') > 0;
本站使用的就是这种方法,感觉还不错。:P
方法四:
把您的Select语句改成这样,SELECT * FROM TABLE WHERE FIELDS LIKE BINARY '%FIND%'即可!
升级的根本,如果想使用“正确”的字符集,还是先用mysqldump导出成文件,然后导入。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MySQL 字符集查询
1) status
- mysql> status;
- --------------
- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.1.54, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 6.2
- Connection id: 74267
- Current database:
- Current user: root@localhost
- SSL: Not in use
- Current pager: stdout
- Using outfile: ''
- Using delimiter: ;
- Server version: 5.5.16-log Source distribution
- Protocol version: 10
- Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket
- Server characterset: latin1
- Db characterset: latin1
- Client characterset: latin1
- Conn. characterset: latin1
- UNIX socket: /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
- Uptime: 128 days 13 hours 4 min 59 sec
- Threads: 1 Questions: 356155 Slow queries: 2 Opens: 3975 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 256 Queries per second avg: 0.032
- --------------
2)show variables like 'collation_%';
- mysql> show variables like 'collation_%';
- +----------------------+-------------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +----------------------+-------------------+
- | collation_connection | utf8_general_ci |
- | collation_database | latin1_swedish_ci |
- | collation_server | latin1_swedish_ci |
- +----------------------+-------------------+
3)show variables like 'character_%';
- mysql> show variables like 'character_%';
- +--------------------------+----------------------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +--------------------------+----------------------------+
- | character_set_client | utf8 |
- | character_set_connection | utf8 |
- | character_set_database | latin1 |
- | character_set_filesystem | binary |
- | character_set_results | utf8 |
- | character_set_server | latin1 |
- | character_set_system | utf8 |
- | character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
- +--------------------------+----------------------------+
4) show create table table_name;
- mysql> show create table t1;
- +-------+------------------------------------
- | Table | Create Table
- +-------+------------------------------------
- | t1 | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
- `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
- `c1` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
- PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
- +-------+------------------------------------
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> show full columns from t1;
- +-------+-------------+----------------+------+-----+-
- | Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key |
- +-------+-------------+----------------+------+-----+-
- | id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI |
- | c1 | varchar(30) | gbk_chinese_ci | YES | |
- +-------+-------------+----------------+------+-----+-
5) show full fields from table_name;
- mysql> show full fields from user_info;
- +------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
- | Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
- +------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
- | uid | bigint(18) | NULL | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | mac_id | char(17) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | name | varchar(50) | latin1_swedish_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | nickname | varchar(50) | latin1_swedish_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | gender | tinyint(1) | NULL | YES | | 0 | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | age | varchar(7) | latin1_swedish_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- +------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
6)查看mysql支持的字符集: show charset; 或 show char set;
- mysql> show charset;
- +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
- | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
- +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
- | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
- | dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
- | cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
- | hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
- | koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
- | latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
- | latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
- | swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
- | ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
- | ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
- | sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
- | hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
- | tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
- | euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
- | koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
- | gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
- | greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
- | cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
- | gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
- | latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
- | armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
- | utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
- | ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
- | cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
- | keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
- | macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
- | macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
- | cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
- | latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
- | utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
- | cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
- | utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
- | cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
- | cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
- | utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
- | binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
- | geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
- | cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
- | eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
- +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
MySQL 字符集修改
MySQL中关于连接环境的字符集设置有 Client端,connection,results 通过这些参数,MySQL就知道你的客户端工具用的是什么字符集,结果集应该是什么字符集。这样MySQL就会做必要的翻译,一旦这些参数有误,自然会导致字符串在转输过程中的转换错误。基本上99%的乱码由些造成。
0) 查看默认数据库集: status
- mysql> status;
- --------------
- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.31, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 6.2
- Connection id: 41
- Current database: tvbss_01
- Current user: root@localhost
- SSL: Not in use
- Current pager: stdout
- Using outfile: ''
- Using delimiter: ;
- Server version: 5.5.31-0ubuntu0.12.04.1 (Ubuntu)
- Protocol version: 10
- Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket
- Server characterset: latin1
- Db characterset: latin1
- Client characterset: utf8
- Conn. characterset: utf8
- UNIX socket: /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
- Uptime: 7 min 30 sec
- Threads: 1 Questions: 131 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 239 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 58 Queries per second avg: 0.291
- --------------
说明: 通过 sudo apt-get install mysql-server 安装的mysql,默认client和conn为utf8编码,server和db为latin1编码,修改client和conn编码请继续下看。
修改客户端,服务器级,数据库级方法如下:
(1) 使用超级用户root权限,打开 /etc/mysql/my.cnf
root@ubuntu:/# vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
(2) 修改客户端级,在 [client] 下添加一行:default-character-set=utf8
- [client]
- default-character-set=utf8
- port = 3306
- socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
如果想修改client和conn为latin1,只需把utf8改为latin1,更多编码格式请见下面:show charset;
- [mysqld]
- character-set-server=utf8
- collation-server=utf8_general_ci
- #
- # * Basic Settings
- #
- user = mysql
- pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
- socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
- mysql> status;
- --------------
- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.31, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 6.2
- Connection id: 42
- Current database:
- Current user: root@localhost
- SSL: Not in use
- Current pager: stdout
- Using outfile: ''
- Using delimiter: ;
- Server version: 5.5.31-0ubuntu0.12.04.1 (Ubuntu)
- Protocol version: 10
- Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket
- Server characterset: utf8
- Db characterset: utf8
- Client characterset: utf8
- Conn. characterset: utf8
- UNIX socket: /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
- Uptime: 19 sec
- Threads: 1 Questions: 130 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 239 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 58 Queries per second avg: 6.842
- --------------
collation 和 character 查询结果发现: collation_server 和 character_set_server 也都变成了 utf8
- mysql> show variables like 'character_%';
- +--------------------------+----------------------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +--------------------------+----------------------------+
- | character_set_client | utf8 |
- | character_set_connection | utf8 |
- | character_set_database | utf8 |
- | character_set_filesystem | binary |
- | character_set_results | utf8 |
- | character_set_server | utf8 |
- | character_set_system | utf8 |
- | character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
- +--------------------------+----------------------------+
- mysql> show variables like 'collation_%';
- +----------------------+-----------------+
- | Variable_name | Value |
- +----------------------+-----------------+
- | collation_connection | utf8_general_ci |
- | collation_database | utf8_general_ci |
- | collation_server | utf8_general_ci |
- +----------------------+-----------------+
(4)修改数据库字符集的两种方法
a)修改db.opt文件: vi /var/lib/mysql/your_dbname/db.opt # your_dbname是自己数据库的名称
- default-character-set=latin1
- default-collation=latin1_swedish_ci
- 修改为:
- default-character-set=utf8
- default-collation=utf8_general_ci
- mysql> status;
- --------------
- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.31, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 6.2
- Connection id: 42
- Current database: tvbss_01
- Current user: root@localhost
- SSL: Not in use
- Current pager: stdout
- Using outfile: ''
- Using delimiter: ;
- Server version: 5.5.31-0ubuntu0.12.04.1 (Ubuntu)
- Protocol version: 10
- Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket
- Server characterset: latin1
- Db characterset: utf8
- Client characterset: utf8
- Conn. characterset: utf8
- UNIX socket: /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
- Uptime: 1 min 22 sec
- Threads: 1 Questions: 142 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 239 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 58 Queries per second avg: 1.731
- --------------
b)命令行修改: mysql> use your_dbname; mysql> alter database your_dbname character set utf8; 结果同上。且此时命令行也修改了 /var/lib/mysql/your_dbname/db.opt 文件的编码为utf8(同方法a)
MySQL 表、字段的字符集修改
1) 修改表的字符集: ALTER TABLE tbl_name CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET character_name [COLLATE utf8_general_ci]
修改表字符集示例: 数据库表 tbl_name 从latin1 转为 utf8
- mysql> show create table db_name.tbl_name;
- +------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | user_info | CREATE TABLE `user_info` (
- `uid` bigint(18) NOT NULL,
- `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
- `nickname` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
- `gender` tinyint(1) DEFAULT '0',
- `age` varchar(7) DEFAULT NULL
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
- +-----------
- mysql> alter table table db_name.tbl_name convert to character set utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;
- mysql> show create table db_name.tbl_name;
- +------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | user_info | CREATE TABLE `user_info` (
- `uid` bigint(18) NOT NULL,
- `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
- `nickname` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
- `gender` tinyint(1) DEFAULT '0',
- `age` varchar(7) DEFAULT NULL
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
2)修改表的字段字符集: ALTER TABLE tbl_name CHANGE column_name column_name CHARACTER SET character_name [COLLATE utf8_general_ci...];
修改表的字段字符集示例: 字段 name 从 utf8 转为 latin1
- mysql> show full fields from db_name.tbl_name;
- +------------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
- | Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
- +------------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
- | uid | bigint(18) | NULL | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | name | varchar(50) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | nickname | varchar(50) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | gender | tinyint(1) | NULL | YES | | 0 | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | age | varchar(7) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- +------------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
- mysql> alter table db_name.tbl_name change name name varchar(50) character set latin1 collate latin1_swedish_ci;
- mysql> show full fields from db_name.tbl_name;
- +------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
- | Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
- +------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
- | uid | bigint(18) | NULL | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | name | varchar(50) | latin1_swedish_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | nickname | varchar(50) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | gender | tinyint(1) | NULL | YES | | 0 | | select,insert,update,references | |
- | age | varchar(7) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
- +------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
MySQL 连接数
1) 查看连接数
show variables like "max_connections";
+-----------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+-----------------+-------+
| max_connections | 500 |
+-----------------+-------+
2) 修改连接数(命令)
set global max_connections = 200;
+-----------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+-----------------+-------+
| max_connections | 200 |
+-----------------+-------+
不用重启就生效
3) 修改连接数(配置文件)
sudo vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
1)去掉注释,修改为: max_connections = 200
2) 重启MySQL生效