five flower classify

概述

基于以下五种花的样本（每种花约有样本780张）训练出一个能识别如下五种花的模型，运行在PC上且准确率达90%以上。

任务：训练出一个能识别如下五种花的模型，能够运行在PC上且准确率达90%。
How to implement flowers sample classify？

解决问题

1.获取并分析样本结构

• 图片格式：jpg
• 图片大小不一致
• 图片颜色不一致
• 花在图片中的位置不一致

2.选择模型

• 分析问题类型

• 选择方法
  • 根据经验
  • 借助网络的知识（论文、开源网站等）
  • just try and compare
• 主要因素
  • 模型大小
  • 模型准确率
  • 模型运行速度
  • 模型运行的内存占用

如果只是想练个手做个demo，那么不考虑因素，直接上可以。但如果后面想做一个正规的项目。这些因素特别重要。
**这些值怎么来，论文后面有，经典的模型网上也有资料说明其准确率，复杂度等。
**运行速度也很重要。比如我们这是一个类似于形色的app。你希望其多久能对一张花进行识别。这就是它的运行速度。

3.画出pipeline

实现部分

图片预处理

由于图片较多不好操作，所以首先将图片存入 tfrecorder

TFRecords TFRecords其实是一种二进制文件，虽然它不如其他格式好理解，但是它能更好的利用内存，更方便复制和移动，并且不需要单独的标签文件（等会儿就知道为什么了）… …总而言之，这样的文件格式好处多多，所以让我们用起来吧。

TFRecords文件包含了tf.train.Example 协议内存块(protocol buffer)(协议内存块包含了字段 Features)。我们可以写一段代码获取你的数据， 将数据填入到Example协议内存块(protocol buffer)，将协议内存块序列化为一个字符串， 并且通过tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter 写入到TFRecords文件。

从TFRecords文件中读取数据， 可以使用tf.TFRecordReader的tf.parse_single_example解析器。这个操作可以将Example协议内存块(protocol buffer)解析为张量。

图片预处理代码实现

1.采用直接 resize的方式

#resize images
def resize_image(impath,imagename,(weight,height)):
    with tf.Session() as sess:
        img = Image.open(impath)
        img = img.resize((weight,height))
        resize_data = img.tobytes()
        #filename = "/home/workdir/tensorflow/flowers/resize/"+imagename
        #with tf.gfile.GFile(filename,"wb") as f:
        #    f.write(resize_image.eval())
        return resize_data


def convert_images_to_xy(main_folder_path):
    os.chdir(main_folder_path)
    foldernames = os.listdir(os.getcwd())
    labels = []
    images_data = []
    #use int index to replace the string lable
    index = 0
    for folder_name in foldernames:
        print 'folder_name = '
        print folder_name
        os.chdir(main_folder_path + folder_name)
        filenames = os.listdir(os.getcwd())
        for file_name in filenames:
            file_glob_name = os.path.join(main_folder_path, folder_name, file_name)
            print file_glob_name
            labels.append(index)
            resize_image_dat = resize_image(file_glob_name,file_name,(IMAGE_WEIGHT, IMAGE_HEIGHT))
            images_data.append(resize_image_dat)
        index = index + 1
    return images_data, labels

2.采用先pad到固定比例在resize方法 （改方法不好让图片变形，但是图片会有黑边，padding 0导致）

def resize_image(impath,imagename, shape, index):
    # img = Image.open(impath)
    # img = img.resize((shape[0],shape[1]))
    # resize_data = img.tobytes()
    global  number
    # avoid memory leak.
    tf.reset_default_graph()
    graph = tf.Graph()
    with graph.as_default() as g:
        with tf.Session(graph = g) as sess:

            image_raw_data = tf.gfile.FastGFile(impath, "rb").read()
            # 按照jpeg的格式解码图片。
            image_data = tf.image.decode_jpeg(image_raw_data)
            image_data = tf.image.convert_image_dtype(image_data, dtype=tf.float32)

            shape = image_data.eval(session=sess).shape
            result = shape[0]
            if shape[0] < shape[1]:
                result = shape[1]
            cropped = tf.image.resize_image_with_crop_or_pad(image_data, result, result)
            resize = tf.image.resize_images(cropped, [IMAGE_WEIGHT, IMAGE_WEIGHT])
            result = sess.run(resize)
            # print("result[50][50]:", result[50][50])
            # plt.imshow(result)
            # plt.show()
            result_raw = result.tostring()
        # resize_f = resize / 255.0
        # resized = np.asarray(resize.eval(session = sess), dtype='uint8')
            print(result.shape, "   num is:" ,number)
        # resized_data = resized.tobytes()

            example = tf.train.Example(features=tf.train.Features(feature={
                'image_raw': _bytes_feature(result_raw),
                'label': _int64_feature(index)}))
            writer.write(example.SerializeToString())

训练网络

1.主要代码解释

 #读取数据 tfredcord数据
def read_samples_record(filename_queue):
    reader = tf.TFRecordReader()
    _, serialized_example = reader.read(filename_queue)
    features = tf.parse_single_example(serialized_example, features={
        'image_raw': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string),
        'label': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
    })
    image = tf.decode_raw(features['image_raw'], tf.float32)
    print (image)
    #reshape the image data
    image = tf.reshape(image, [IMAGE_WEIGHT, IMAGE_HEIGHT, IMAGE_CHANEL])
    # image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32)
    print (image)
    label = tf.cast(features['label'], tf.int32)
    return image,label

#构建网络
# Model input
X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[None, IMAGE_WEIGHT, IMAGE_HEIGHT, IMAGE_CHANEL], name='X')
y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None, ], name='y_')
keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)

conv1 = tf.layers.conv2d(
    inputs=X,
    filters=32,
    kernel_size=[3, 3],
    padding="same",
    activation=tf.nn.relu,
    kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1))
pool1 = tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs=conv1,pool_size=[2, 2], strides=2)

conv2 = tf.layers.conv2d(
    inputs=pool1,
    filters=64,
    kernel_size=[3, 3],
    padding="same",
    activation=tf.nn.relu,
    kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1))
pool2 = tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs=conv2,pool_size=[2, 2], strides=2)

conv3 = tf.layers.conv2d(
    inputs=pool2,
    filters=128,
    kernel_size=[3, 3],
    padding="same",
    activation=tf.nn.relu,
    kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1))
pool3 = tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs=conv3,pool_size=[2, 2], strides=2)

conv4 = tf.layers.conv2d(
    inputs=pool3,
    filters=256,
    kernel_size=[3, 3],
    padding="same",
    activation=tf.nn.relu,
    kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1))
pool4 = tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs=conv4,pool_size=[2, 2], strides=2)

conv5 = tf.layers.conv2d(
    inputs=pool4,
    filters=512,
    kernel_size=[3, 3],
    padding="same",
    activation=tf.nn.relu,
    kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1))
#pool5 = tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs=conv5,pool_size=[2, 2], strides=2)
pool5 = tf.layers.average_pooling2d(inputs=conv5, pool_size=[4, 4], strides = 4)

print("pool5 shape is :", pool5.get_shape(), " width:", pool5.get_shape()[1])
re1 = tf.reshape(pool5, [-1, int(pool5.get_shape()[1]) * int(pool5.get_shape()[1]) * 512])


dense1 = tf.layers.dense(inputs=re1,
                         units=512,
                         activation=tf.nn.relu,
                         kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1),
                         kernel_regularizer=tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(0.005))
drop1 = tf.nn.dropout(dense1, keep_prob)
logits = tf.layers.dense(inputs=drop1,
                         units=5,
                         activation=None,
                         kernel_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1),
                         kernel_regularizer=tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(0.005))
#定义代价函数
loss = tf.losses.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy(labels=y_, logits=logits)
train = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=0.0001).minimize(loss)

correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.cast(tf.argmax(logits, 1), tf.int32), y_)
#准确率
acc = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))

#用于保存训练好的模型
saver = tf.train.Saver()
#开始训练模型
for step in range(TRAIN_STEP+1):
    end_index = min(start_index + TRAIN_BATCH_SIZE, X_train.shape[0])
    #print (start_index,end_index)
    batch_xs = X_train[start_index:end_index, ]
    batch_ys = y_train[start_index:end_index, ]
    #print (batch_xs.shape,batch_ys.shape)
    sess.run(train, feed_dict={X: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys, keep_prob:0.5})
    if step % 50 == 0:
        print ("step %d " % (step))
        result = sess.run(merged, feed_dict={
            X: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys, keep_prob:1.0})
        TrainWriter.add_summary(result, step)
        val_num = X_val.shape[0]
        val_result = sess.run(merged, feed_dict={
            X: X_val, y_: y_val,keep_prob:1.0})
        ValWriter.add_summary(val_result, step)
        print("train accuracy: %g" % sess.run(acc, feed_dict={X: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys, keep_prob: 1.0}))
        accuracy = sess.run(acc, feed_dict={X: X_test, y_: y_test, keep_prob:1.0})
        print("test accuracy %g" % accuracy)
        if accuracy > 0.8:
            saver.save(sess, "save_path/cnn_flower_float.module")
    if end_index >= X_train.shape[0]:
        start_index = 0
    else:
        start_index = end_index
saver.save(sess, "save_path/cnn_flower.module")

sess.close()

数据增强

如果第一种方式训练的结果不是很好，可以采用数据增强的方式来提高准确率。
1.将原有数据扩大5倍

#resize images
def resize_image(impath,imagename, fold_name):
    strName = imagename.split('.')
    save_name = str(TF_filename_prefix) + str(fold_name) + '\\' + str(strName[0])
    if not (os.path.exists((str(TF_filename_prefix) + str(fold_name)))):
        os.makedirs((str(TF_filename_prefix) + str(fold_name)))
    global  number
    # avoid memory leak.
    tf.reset_default_graph()
    graph = tf.Graph()
    images = []
    with graph.as_default() as g:
        with tf.Session(graph = g) as sess:

            image_raw_data = tf.gfile.FastGFile(impath, "rb").read()
            # 按照jpeg的格式解码图片。
            image_data = tf.image.decode_jpeg(image_raw_data)
            print("int :", image_data.eval(session=sess)[50][50])
            #image_data = tf.image.convert_image_dtype(image_data, dtype=tf.float32)
            #print("float :", image_data.eval(session=sess)[50][50])
            central_result = tf.image.central_crop(image_data, 0.7)
            # plt.imshow(central_result.eval(session=sess))
            # plt.show()
            left_right = tf.image.flip_left_right(image_data)
            # plt.imshow(left_right.eval(session=sess))
            # plt.show()
            contrast = tf.image.adjust_contrast(image_data,0.2)
            hue = tf.image.adjust_hue(image_data,delta = 0.2)
            brightness = tf.image.adjust_brightness(image_data, delta=32./255.)

            image_central = tf.image.encode_jpeg(central_result)
            images.append(image_central)
            image_left_right = tf.image.encode_jpeg(left_right)
            images.append(image_left_right)
            image_contrast = tf.image.encode_jpeg(contrast)
            images.append(image_contrast)
            image_hue= tf.image.encode_jpeg(hue)
            images.append(image_hue)
            image_brightness = tf.image.encode_jpeg(brightness)
            images.append(image_brightness)
            # 保存图片
            i = 0
            for img in images:
                with tf.gfile.GFile(save_name + "_%d.jpg" %i , 'wb') as f:
                    f.write(sess.run(img))
                i = i + 1

2.训练模型

#读取数据方式跟之前有些差异，因为测试数据和训练数据保存到了两个 tfrecorder文件。
def read_test_record(filename_queue):
    reader = tf.TFRecordReader()
    _, serialized_example = reader.read(filename_queue)
    features = tf.parse_single_example(serialized_example, features={
        'image_raw': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string),
        'label': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
    })
    image = tf.decode_raw(features['image_raw'], tf.float32)
    print(image)
    # reshape the image data
    image = tf.reshape(image, [IMAGE_WEIGHT, IMAGE_HEIGHT, IMAGE_CHANEL])
    # image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32)
    print(image)
    label = tf.cast(features['label'], tf.int32)
    return image, label
def read_train_data(filename_queue):
    reader = tf.TFRecordReader()
    _, serialized_example = reader.read(filename_queue)
    features = tf.parse_single_example(serialized_example, features={
        'image_raw': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string),
        'label': tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
    })
    image = tf.decode_raw(features['image_raw'], tf.float32)
    image = tf.reshape(image, [IMAGE_WEIGHT, IMAGE_HEIGHT, IMAGE_CHANEL])
    label = tf.cast(features['label'], tf.int32)
    img_batch, lab_batch = tf.train.shuffle_batch([image, label], batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, capacity=17500, min_after_dequeue=3000)
    #img_batch, lab_batch = tf.train.batch([image, label], batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, capacity=800, num_threads=4)
    return img_batch, lab_batch

with tf.Session() as sess:
    coord = tf.train.Coordinator()
    threads = tf.train.start_queue_runners(coord=coord)
    for i in range(TEST_IMAGE_COUNT):
        img, label_result = sess.run([test_image, test_label])
        #print(img[50][50])
        # plt.imshow(img)
        # plt.show()
        test_images.append(img)
        test_labels.append(label_result)
    coord.request_stop()
    coord.join(threads)
with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(init_op)
    coord = tf.train.Coordinator()
    threads = tf.train.start_queue_runners(coord=coord)
    step = 0
    for i in range(TRAIN_STEP):
        img_batch, lab_batch = sess.run([image_batch, label_batch])
        #print("lab is:" , lab_batch.shape, " lable value:", lab_batch[0:50])
        sess.run(train, feed_dict={X: img_batch, y_: lab_batch, keep_prob: 0.5})
        #print("loss is:", _loss)
        if step % 50 == 0:
            print("step %d " % (step))

            result = sess.run(merged, feed_dict={
                X: img_batch, y_: lab_batch, keep_prob: 1.0})
            TrainWriter.add_summary(result, step)

            # val_result = sess.run(merged, feed_dict={
            #     X: test_images[0:100], y_: test_labels[0:100], keep_prob: 1.0})
            print("train accuracy: %g" % sess.run(acc, feed_dict={X: img_batch, y_: lab_batch, keep_prob: 1.0}))
            accuracy = sess.run(acc, feed_dict={X: test_images[0:200], y_: test_labels[0:200], keep_prob: 1.0})
            print("test accuracy %g" % accuracy)
            if accuracy > 0.7:
                accruacy1 = sess.run(acc, feed_dict={X: test_images[200:400], y_: test_labels[200:400], keep_prob: 1.0})
                accruacy2 = sess.run(acc,feed_dict={X: test_images[400:600], y_: test_labels[400:600], keep_prob: 1.0})
                accruacy3 = sess.run(acc,feed_dict={X: test_images[600:800], y_: test_labels[600:800], keep_prob: 1.0})
                print("all accruacy is :", (accuracy+accruacy1+accruacy2+accruacy3)/4.)
                saver.save(sess, "save_path/cnn_flower_float_add.module")
        step += 1
    print("test accuracy %g" % sess.run(acc, feed_dict={
        X: test_images[0:100], y_: test_labels[0:100], keep_prob: 1.0}))
    coord.request_stop()
    coord.join(threads)
 #训练部分的代码跟之前相同就不重复了。

Fine tuning

如果觉得数据增强依然不能提高准确率，可以考虑使用数据迁移的方式，因为数据较少，这种方式可以节约训练时间，提高准确率。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
卷积神经网络 Inception-v3模型 迁移学习
"""
import glob
import os.path
import random
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.python.platform import gfile
import os
os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL']='2'
# inception-v3 模型瓶颈层的节点个数
BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_SIZE = 2048

# inception-v3 模型中代表瓶颈层结果的张量名称
BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_NAME = 'pool_3/_reshape:0'
# 图像输入张量所对应的名称
JPEG_DATA_TENSOR_NAME = 'DecodeJpeg/contents:0'

# 下载的谷歌训练好的inception-v3模型文件目录
MODEL_DIR = 'D:\\workspace\\PycharmSpace\\flow_classify\\com\\shuan\\flower_classify\\fine_train'
# 下载的谷歌训练好的inception-v3模型文件名
MODEL_FILE = 'tensorflow_inception_graph.pb'

# 保存训练数据通过瓶颈层后提取的特征向量
CACHE_DIR = 'tmp/bottleneck'

# 图片数据的文件夹
INPUT_DATA = 'D:\\workspace\\PycharmSpace\\flow_classify\\com\\shuan\\flower_classify\\flower_photos_780'

# 验证的数据百分比
VALIDATION_PERCENTAGE = 10
# 测试的数据百分比
TEST_PERCENTACE = 10

# 定义神经网路的设置
LEARNING_RATE = 0.01
STEPS = 4000
BATCH = 128


# 不知道大家有注意到没有，数据集里给的是不同大小的图片，而程序里却可以直接送入Inception-v3模型，从而得到同样尺寸的结果特征向量。我在书籍的github上问了这个问题，得到的回复是：Inception-v3模型中包含了图像预处理和大小调整的部分。

# 这个函数把数据集分成训练，验证，测试三部分
def create_image_lists(testing_percentage, validation_percentage):
    """
    这个函数把数据集分成训练，验证，测试三部分
    :param testing_percentage:测试的数据百分比 10
    :param validation_percentage:验证的数据百分比 10
    :return:
    """
    result = {}
    # 获取目录下所有子目录
    sub_dirs = [x[0] for x in os.walk(INPUT_DATA)]
    # ['/path/to/flower_data', '/path/to/flower_data\\daisy', '/path/to/flower_data\\dandelion',
    # '/path/to/flower_data\\roses', '/path/to/flower_data\\sunflowers', '/path/to/flower_data\\tulips']
    # 数组中的第一个目录是当前目录，这里设置标记，不予处理
    is_root_dir = True

    for sub_dir in sub_dirs:  # 遍历目录数组，每次处理一种
        if is_root_dir:
            is_root_dir = False
            continue
            # 获取当前目录下所有的有效图片文件
        extensions = ['jpg', 'jepg', 'JPG', 'JPEG']
        file_list = []
        dir_name = os.path.basename(sub_dir)  # 返回路径名路径的基本名称，如：daisy|dandelion|roses|sunflowers|tulips
        for extension in extensions:
            file_glob = os.path.join(INPUT_DATA, dir_name, '*.' + extension)  # 将多个路径组合后返回
            file_list.extend(glob.glob(file_glob))  # glob.glob返回所有匹配的文件路径列表，extend往列表中追加另一个列表
        if not file_list: continue

        # 通过目录名获取类别名称
        label_name = dir_name.lower()  # 返回其小写
        # 初始化当前类别的训练数据集、测试数据集、验证数据集
        training_images = []
        testing_images = []
        validation_images = []

        for file_name in file_list:  # 遍历此类图片的每张图片的路径
            base_name = os.path.basename(file_name)  # 路径的基本名称也就是图片的名称，如：102841525_bd6628ae3c.jpg
            # 随机讲数据分到训练数据集、测试集和验证集
            chance = np.random.randint(100)
            if chance < validation_percentage:
                validation_images.append(base_name)
            elif chance < (testing_percentage + validation_percentage):
                testing_images.append(base_name)
            else:
                training_images.append(base_name)

        result[label_name] = {
            'dir': dir_name,
            'training': training_images,
            'testing': testing_images,
            'validation': validation_images
        }
    return result


# 这个函数通过类别名称、所属数据集和图片编号获取一张图片的地址
def get_image_path(image_lists, image_dir, label_name, index, category):
    """
    :param image_lists:所有图片信息
    :param image_dir:根目录 （ 图片特征向量根目录 CACHE_DIR | 图片原始路径根目录 INPUT_DATA ）
    :param label_name:类别的名称（ daisy|dandelion|roses|sunflowers|tulips ）
    :param index:编号
    :param category:所属的数据集（ training|testing|validation ）
    :return: 一张图片的地址
    """
    # 获取给定类别的图片集合
    label_lists = image_lists[label_name]
    # 获取这种类别的图片中，特定的数据集(base_name的一维数组)
    category_list = label_lists[category]
    mod_index = index % len(category_list)  # 图片的编号%此数据集中图片数量
    # 获取图片文件名
    base_name = category_list[mod_index]
    sub_dir = label_lists['dir']
    # 拼接地址
    full_path = os.path.join(image_dir, sub_dir, base_name)
    return full_path


# 图片的特征向量的文件地址
def get_bottleneck_path(image_lists, label_name, index, category):
    return get_image_path(image_lists, CACHE_DIR, label_name, index, category) + '.txt'  # CACHE_DIR 特征向量的根地址


# 计算特征向量
def run_bottleneck_on_image(sess, image_data, image_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):
    """
    :param sess:
    :param image_data:图片内容
    :param image_data_tensor:
    :param bottleneck_tensor:
    :return:
    """
    # 由于输入的图片大小不一致，此处得到的image_data大小也不一致（已验证），但却都能通过加载的inception-v3模型生成一个2048的特征向量。具体原理不详。
    bottleneck_values = sess.run(bottleneck_tensor, {image_data_tensor: image_data})
    bottleneck_values = np.squeeze(bottleneck_values)
    return bottleneck_values


# 获取一张图片对应的特征向量的路径
def get_or_create_bottleneck(sess, image_lists, label_name, index, category, jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):
    """
    :param sess:
    :param image_lists:
    :param label_name:类别名
    :param index:图片编号
    :param category:
    :param jpeg_data_tensor:
    :param bottleneck_tensor:
    :return:
    """
    label_lists = image_lists[label_name]
    sub_dir = label_lists['dir']
    sub_dir_path = os.path.join(CACHE_DIR, sub_dir)  # 到类别的文件夹
    if not os.path.exists(sub_dir_path): os.makedirs(sub_dir_path)

    bottleneck_path = get_bottleneck_path(image_lists, label_name, index, category)  # 获取图片特征向量的路径
    if not os.path.exists(bottleneck_path):  # 如果不存在
        # 获取图片原始路径
        image_path = get_image_path(image_lists, INPUT_DATA, label_name, index, category)
        # 获取图片内容
        image_data = gfile.FastGFile(image_path, 'rb').read()
        # 计算图片特征向量
        bottleneck_values = run_bottleneck_on_image(sess, image_data, jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)
        # 将特征向量存储到文件
        bottleneck_string = ','.join(str(x) for x in bottleneck_values)
        with open(bottleneck_path, 'w') as bottleneck_file:
            bottleneck_file.write(bottleneck_string)
    else:
        # 读取保存的特征向量文件
        with open(bottleneck_path, 'r') as bottleneck_file:
            bottleneck_string = bottleneck_file.read()
            # 字符串转float数组
        bottleneck_values = [float(x) for x in bottleneck_string.split(',')]
    return bottleneck_values


# 随机获取一个batch的图片作为训练数据（特征向量，类别）
def get_random_cached_bottlenecks(sess, n_classes, image_lists, how_many, category, jpeg_data_tensor,
                                  bottleneck_tensor):
    """
    :param sess:
    :param n_classes: 类别数量
    :param image_lists:
    :param how_many: 一个batch的数量
    :param category: 所属的数据集
    :param jpeg_data_tensor:
    :param bottleneck_tensor:
    :return: 特征向量列表，类别列表
    """
    bottlenecks = []
    ground_truths = []
    for _ in range(how_many):
        # 随机一个类别和图片编号加入当前的训练数据
        label_index = random.randrange(n_classes)
        label_name = list(image_lists.keys())[label_index]  # 随机图片的类别名
        image_index = random.randrange(65536)  # 随机图片的编号
        bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(sess, image_lists, label_name, image_index, category, jpeg_data_tensor,
                                              bottleneck_tensor)  # 计算此图片的特征向量
        ground_truth = np.zeros(n_classes, dtype=np.float32)
        ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
        bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)
        ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
    return bottlenecks, ground_truths


# 获取全部的测试数据
def get_test_bottlenecks(sess, image_lists, n_classes, jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):
    bottlenecks = []
    ground_truths = []
    label_name_list = list(image_lists.keys())  # ['dandelion', 'daisy', 'sunflowers', 'roses', 'tulips']
    for label_index, label_name in enumerate(label_name_list):  # 枚举每个类别,如:0 sunflowers
        category = 'testing'
        for index, unused_base_name in enumerate(image_lists[label_name][category]):  # 枚举此类别中的测试数据集中的每张图片

            bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(
                sess, image_lists, label_name, index, category, jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)
            ground_truth = np.zeros(n_classes, dtype=np.float32)
            ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
            bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)
            ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
    return bottlenecks, ground_truths

def main(_):
    image_lists = create_image_lists(TEST_PERCENTACE, VALIDATION_PERCENTAGE)
    n_classes = len(image_lists.keys())
    # 读取模型
    with gfile.FastGFile(os.path.join(MODEL_DIR, MODEL_FILE), 'rb') as f:
        graph_def = tf.GraphDef()
        graph_def.ParseFromString(f.read())
        # 加载模型，返回对应名称的张量
    bottleneck_tensor, jpeg_data_tensor = tf.import_graph_def(graph_def, return_elements=[BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_NAME,
                                                                                          JPEG_DATA_TENSOR_NAME])
    # 输入
    bottleneck_input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_SIZE], name='BottleneckInputPlaceholder')
    ground_truth_input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_classes], name='GroundTruthInput')

    # 全连接层
    with tf.name_scope('final_training_ops'):
        weights = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_SIZE, n_classes], stddev=0.001))
        biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([n_classes]))
        logits = tf.matmul(bottleneck_input, weights) + biases
        final_tensor = tf.nn.softmax(logits)

        # 损失
    cross_entropy = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logits, labels=ground_truth_input)
    cross_entropy_mean = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)
    # 优化
    train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(LEARNING_RATE).minimize(cross_entropy_mean)

    # 正确率
    with tf.name_scope('evaluation'):
        correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(final_tensor, 1), tf.argmax(ground_truth_input, 1))
        evaluation_step = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))

    with tf.Session() as sess:
        # 初始化参数
        init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
        sess.run(init)

        # TensorBoard log目录
        # log_dir = 'inception_log'
        # if not os.path.exists(log_dir):
        #     os.makedirs(log_dir)
        # tf.import_graph_def(graph_def, name='')
        # writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(log_dir, sess.graph)
        # writer.close()
        test_bottlenecks, test_ground_truth = get_test_bottlenecks(sess, image_lists, n_classes, jpeg_data_tensor,
                                                                   bottleneck_tensor)
        for i in range(STEPS):
            # 每次获取一个batch的训练数据
            train_bottlenecks, train_ground_truth = get_random_cached_bottlenecks(sess, n_classes, image_lists, BATCH,
                                                                                  'training', jpeg_data_tensor,
                                                                                  bottleneck_tensor)
            # 训练
            sess.run(train_step,
                     feed_dict={bottleneck_input: train_bottlenecks, ground_truth_input: train_ground_truth})
            # 验证
            if i % 50 == 0 or i + 1 == STEPS:
                validation_bottlenecks, validation_ground_truth = get_random_cached_bottlenecks(sess, n_classes,
                                                                                                image_lists, BATCH,
                                                                                                'validation',
                                                                                                jpeg_data_tensor,
                                                                                                bottleneck_tensor)
                validation_accuracy = sess.run(evaluation_step, feed_dict={bottleneck_input: validation_bottlenecks,
                                                                           ground_truth_input: validation_ground_truth})
                print('Step %d: Validation accuracy on random sampled %d examples = %.1f%%' % (
                    i, BATCH, validation_accuracy * 100))

                if validation_accuracy > 0.95:
                    # 测试
                    test_accuracy = sess.run(evaluation_step,
                                             feed_dict={bottleneck_input: test_bottlenecks,
                                                        ground_truth_input: test_ground_truth})
                    print('Final test accuracy = %.1f%%' % (test_accuracy * 100))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    tf.app.run()

实验结果

一、clasify_flower_float预测数据的准确率最好在80%左右。

1.图片处理：

   a.图片使用先pad后resize保证图片不会发生形变。
   b.图片数据进行归一化到[0,1)。

2.模型修改：

   a.所有的卷积使用 3 * 3。
   b.增加一个卷积。
   c.最后的pooling使用avg_pooling，pool_size=[4, 4], strides=4  (可以大大减少Size)。
   d.去掉一个全连接 剩余两个神经元个数为 512 和 5 。
   e.增加一个dropout 百分比为0.6

二、flower_classify_with_data_enhance准确率最好在 90%左右

1.数据增强

a.5倍大小。3900*5 = 19500   （中心剪裁，左右旋转、色彩变换）
b.取17200个作为训练样本，2000个作为预测样本。

2.模型与上面基本相似。

三、fine_tuning_inception_v3准备率最好在 96% 左右。google inception_v3 进行 fine_train