Linux大数据开发基础：第十一节：Shell编程入门（三)

最新推荐文章于 2022-05-10 17:08:28 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-05-10 17:08:28 发布

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http://blog.csdn.net/lovehuangjiaju/article/details/48913911

本节主要内容

shell数组
shell命令别名
时间操作

1. Shell数组

同C、C++等语言一样，shell脚本也提供了数组这样一个重要的数据结构，shell中的数组有两种，一种为普通数组，另外的一种称为关联数组。普通数据的存取通过整数进行，关联数组的存取通过字符串进行。具体如下:

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//用()定义一个数组，注意数组元素间不能用,否则达不到预期目的
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/ShellLearning/chapter</span>11<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># arr=(1 2 3 4 5 6)</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/ShellLearning/chapter</span>11<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo ${arr[0]}</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>

//用,号的话，数组只有一个元素
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/ShellLearning/chapter</span>11<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># arr=(1,2,3,4,5,6)</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/ShellLearning/chapter</span>11<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo ${arr[0]}</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>

除了（）定义数组外，还可以采用逐个赋值的方法，例如

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:~/ShellLearning/chapter11</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># strArr[0]="hello"</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:~/ShellLearning/chapter11</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># strArr[1]="hello1"</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:~/ShellLearning/chapter11</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo ${strArr[0]}</span>
hello
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

上面演示了如何输出单个数组内容，有时可能想输出数组中的所有内容及数组的长度，代码如下：

<code class="hljs scss has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//用*号将输出数组中的所有内容</span>
root<span class="hljs-at_rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster:~/ShellLearning/chapter11#<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"> echo</span> ${</span>strArr<span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[*]</span>}
hello hello1
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//${#strArr[*]}取得数组的长度</span>
root<span class="hljs-at_rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster:~/ShellLearning/chapter11#<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"> echo</span> ${</span><span class="hljs-id" style="box-sizing: border-box;">#strArr</span><span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[*]</span>}
2
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

关联数组的定义与普通数组不一样，关联数组需要使用declare命令进行声明，具体如下：

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//declare -A associative_array声明一个关联数组</span>
root@sparkmaster:~/ShellLearning/chapter11<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># declare -A associative_array</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//填充内容</span>
root@sparkmaster:~/ShellLearning/chapter11<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># associative_array=([key1]=value1 [key2]=value2 [key3]=value3)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取关联数组内容</span>
root@sparkmaster:~/ShellLearning/chapter11<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"># echo ${associative_array[key1]}</span>
value1
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

在实际使用时，常常需要确定数组的索引值，具体使用代码如下：

<code class="hljs scss has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取关联数组的索引</span>
root<span class="hljs-at_rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster:~/ShellLearning/chapter11#<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"> echo</span> ${</span>!associative_array<span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[*]</span>}
key3 key2 key1

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取普通数组的索引</span>
root<span class="hljs-at_rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster:~/ShellLearning/chapter11#<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;"> echo</span> ${</span>!strArr<span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[*]</span>}
0 1

</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

2. shell命令别名

在使用shell命令时，有时候命令太长，要记住它非常困难，此时可以采用shell命令别名的方式。事实上，linux系统自身已经自带了很多命令别名，例如~/.bashrc已经帮我们设置了多个命令别名，vim打开该文件，可以看到下面的代码

<code class="hljs vhdl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"># enable color support <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">of</span> ls <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> also add handy aliases
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">then</span>
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)"</span> || eval <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"$(dircolors -b)"</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> ls=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'ls</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--color=auto'</span>
    #<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> dir=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'dir</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--color=auto'</span>
    #<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> vdir=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'vdir</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--color=auto'</span>

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> grep=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'grep</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--color=auto'</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> fgrep=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'fgrep</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--color=auto'</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> egrep=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'egrep</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--color=auto'</span>
fi

# some more ls aliases
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> ll=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'ls</span> -alF'
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> la=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'ls</span> -A'
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> l=<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'ls</span> -CF'
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

这里写图片描述
代码中的命令alias表示的是给命令取别名，例如alias ll=’ls -alF’，表示ll是命令’ls -alF’的别名

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//ll命令等同于ls -alF命令
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/ShellLearning/chapter</span>11<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ll</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>
drwxr-xr-<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span> ./
drwxr-xr-<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span> ../

root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/ShellLearning/chapter</span>11<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># ls -alF</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>
drwxr-xr-<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span> ./
drwxr-xr-<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span> ../
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

ubuntu linux 安装某个软件包的命令是sudo apt-get install，如果觉得它比较难记，可以直接使用alias给它命名一个好记的别名，例如

<code class="hljs mel has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//给sudo apt-get install取个别名install</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span> install=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'sudo apt-get install'</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//直接使用install命令代替sudo apt-get install命令</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# install opencv

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//但是需要注意的是在终端取别名，一旦终端关闭，别名命令不会保存</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//如果想永久使用即开机后该别名命令就生效的话，则需要将别名命令重定向</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//保存到~/.bashrc文件中</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# echo <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'alias install="sudo apt-get install"'</span> >> ~/.bashrc
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

3 时间操作

shell命令有许多时间操作命令，具体使用如下

<code class="hljs mel has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//查看当前时间</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">date</span>
Mon Oct  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">06</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11</span> PDT <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//查看当前是星期几</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">date</span> +<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%A</span>
Monday
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//查看当前月份</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">date</span> +<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%B</span>
October
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//查看当前是当月的第几天</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">date</span> +<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%d</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

date命令参数列表如下：

参数作用	参数
Weekday	%a 简写法，例如Monday，简写为Mon;%A，全拼法Monday
Month	%b 简写法，例如October，简写为Otc;%B，全拼法October
Day	%d
格式化日期 (mm/dd/yy)	%D
Year	%y，简写法，例如2010，简写为10；%Y，全写法2010
Hour	%I 或%H
Minute	%M
Second	%S
Nano second(毫秒）	%N
Unix系统时间	%s

<code class="hljs mel has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//按年月日将时间格式化输出</span>
root<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@sparkmaster</span>:~/ShellLearning/chapter11# <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">date</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"+%Y %B %d"</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span> October <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">05</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

shell命令中还有一个命令很重要，那就是sleep命令，常用它来进行延迟脚本的执行，下面的例子来自linux shell scripting cookbook

<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-shebang" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#Filename: sleep.sh</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> -n count:
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#保存终端光标位置</span>
tput sc
count=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">while</span> <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">do</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#count小于40，则继续执行</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> [ <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$count</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-lt</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> ];
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">then</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">let</span> count++;
  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#延迟一秒再执行</span>
  sleep <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#恢复光标位置</span>
  tput rc
  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#清除光标位置内容</span>
  tput ed
  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#将count值显示到光标位置</span>
  <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> -n <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$count</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">exit</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fi</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">done</span></code>