wordnet笔记——glossary of terms used in WordNet system

链接：http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/wngloss.7WN.html

NAME

wngloss - glossary of terms used in WordNet system

DESCRIPTION

The  WordNet Reference Manual  consists of Unix-style manual pages divided into sections as follows:

Section	Description
1	WordNet User Commands
3	WordNet Library Functions
5	WordNet File Formats
7	Miscellaneous Information about WordNet

指令，库函数，文件形式，其他

System Description

The WordNet system consists of lexicographer（词典编纂） files, code to convert these files into a database（把文件转成数据库）, and search routines（检索） and interfaces（和交互界面） that display information from the database. The lexicographer files organize nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs into groups of synonyms, and describe relations between synonym groups.  grind (1WN) converts the lexicographer files into a database that encodes the relations between the synonym groups. The different interfaces to the WordNet database utilize a common library of search routines to display these relations. Note that the lexicographer files and  grind (1WN)  program are not generally distributed.

Database Organization

Information in WordNet is organized around logical groupings called synsets（同义词集）. Each synset consists of a list of synonymous words or collocations (eg. "fountain pen" ,"take in" ), and pointers that describe the relations between this synset and other synsets. A word or collocation may appear in more than one synset, and in more than one part of speech. The words in a synset are grouped such that they are interchangeable in some context.

同义词集：wordnet里面有单词或者是搭配。以词义划分，每一个同义词集下的词可以互相交换。一个词可能出现在多个同义词集中。词+词集关系组成了wordnet

Two kinds of relations are represented by pointers: lexical（词汇） and semantic（语义）. Lexical relations hold between semantically related word forms; semantic relations hold between word meanings. These relations include (but are not limited to) hypernymy/hyponymy (superordinate/subordinate), antonymy（反义词组）, entailment（蕴含）, and meronymy/holonymy（部分整体）.

词集关系包括：词汇和语义。词汇表示，一个词的不同形式具有语义上的相关性。语义表示，两个不同的词在语义上的关系：上下位词等等。

Nouns and verbs are organized into hierarchies based on the hypernymy/hyponymy relation between synsets. Additional pointers are be used to indicate other relations.

名词和动词之间主要是通过上下位词建立关系的。

Adjectives are arranged in clusters containing head synsets and satellite synsets. Each cluster is organized around antonymous pairs (and occasionally antonymous triplets). The antonymous pairs (or triplets) are indicated in the head synsets of a cluster. Most head synsets have one or more satellite synsets, each of which represents a concept that is similar in meaning to the concept represented by the head synset. One way to think of the adjective cluster organization is to visualize a wheel, with a head synset as the hub and satellite synsets as the spokes. Two or more wheels are logically connected via antonymy, which can be thought of as an axle between the wheels.

形容词组织：由头同义词集和卫星同义词集组成。头和头同义词集之间的关系为反义关系，头和卫星词集之间为近似关系。像是车轮。

Pertainyms are relational adjectives and do not follow the structure just described. Pertainyms do not have antonyms; the synset for a pertainym most often contains only one word or collocation and a lexical pointer to the noun that the adjective is "pertaining to". Participial adjectives have lexical pointers to the verbs that they are derived from.

Pertainyms （是一类“孤独”的形容词），他们木有反义词（T^T）而且他们的同义词集往往只有他自己一个（TuT），所以，他们只有指向跟自己相关的那个名词。

Participial adjectives分词形容词，指向自己衍生的动词。比如-ed,-ing结尾的那些词。例如：excited

Adverbs are often derived from adjectives, and sometimes have antonyms; therefore the synset for an adverb usually contains a lexical pointer to the adjective from which it is derived.

副词通常有指向自己衍生的形容词。他们有的时候有同义词集。

See wndb(5WN) for a detailed description of the database files and how the data are represented.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Many terms used in the  WordNet Reference Manual  are unique to the WordNet system. Other general terms have specific meanings when used in the WordNet documentation. Definitions for many of these terms are given to help with the interpretation and understanding of the reference manual, and in the use of the WordNet system.

In following definitions word is used in place of word or collocation .

adjective cluster

A group of adjective synsets that are organized around antonymous pairs or triplets. An adjective cluster contains two or more  head synsets which represent antonymous concepts. Each head synset has one or more  satellite synsets .

形容词群：一个群，可能由同义词集对或者成三出现的同义词集组成，一个词群至少有2个头同义词集，一个头同义词集至少有1个卫星同义词集。

attribute

A noun for which adjectives express values. The noun  weight is an attribute, for which the adjectives  light and  heavy express values.

。。。？

base form

The base form of a word or collocation is the form to which inflections are added.

原形

basic synset

Syntactically, same as  synset . Term is used in  wninput (5WN) to help explain differences in entering synsets in lexicographer files.

collocation

A collocation in WordNet is a string of two or more words, connected by spaces or hyphens. Examples are:  man-eating shark ,  blue-collar ,  depend on , line of products . In the database files spaces are represented as underscore ( _ ) characters.

搭配，词和词之间以下划线相连。

coordinate

Coordinate terms are nouns or verbs that have the same  hypernym .

针对有相同上位词的名词或动词。

cross-cluster pointer

A  semantic pointer from one adjective cluster to another.

语义指针从一个形容词群指向另一个。

derivationally related forms

Terms in different syntactic categories that have the same root form and are semantically related.

有相同的词根形式并且语义相关，但是在不同的语法类别下。

direct antonyms

A pair of words between which there is an associative bond resulting from their frequent co-occurrence. In  adjective clusters , direct antonyms appears only in  head synsets .

一组词，他们高频出现在一起。对于形容词来说，只针对头同义词集。

domain

A topical classification to which a synset has been linked with a CATEGORY, REGION or USAGE pointer.

一个同义词集被链接到一个目录，地域或者使用的指针。

domain term

A synset belonging to a topical class. A domain term is further identified as being a CATEGORY_TERM, REGION_TERM or USAGE_TERM.

entailment

A verb  X entails  Y if  X cannot be done unless  Y is, or has been, done.

引起：Y引起X。（因果了！强因果）

exception list

Morphological transformations for words that are not regular and therefore cannot be processed in an algorithmic manner.

形态变换

group

Verb senses that similar in meaning and have been manually grouped together.

动词因为意思相似被手动标注到group里。

gloss

Each synset contains  gloss consisting of a definition and optionally example sentences.

定义+可能的例句

head synset

Synset in an adjective  cluster containing at least one word that has a  direct antonym .

holonym

The name of the whole of which the meronym names a part.  Y is a holonym of  X if  X is a part of  Y .

整体

hypernym

The generic term used to designate a whole class of specific instances.  Y is a hypernym of  X if  X is a (kind of)  Y .

上位词

hyponym

The specific term used to designate a member of a class.  X is a hyponym of  Y if  X is a (kind of)  Y .

下位词

indirect antonym

An adjective in a  satellite synset that does not have a  direct antonym has an indirect antonyms via the direct antonym of the  head synset .

同一个头同义词集的卫星同义词集之间的关系。

instance

A proper noun that refers to a particular, unique referent (as distinguished from nouns that refer to classes). This is a specific form of hyponym.

某个指向具体且唯一只是对象。下位词的一种特殊形式。

lemma

Lower case ASCII text of word as found in the WordNet database index files. Usually the  base form for a word or collocation.

lexical pointer

A lexical pointer indicates a relation between words in synsets (word forms).

lexicographer file

Files containing the raw data for WordNet synsets, edited by lexicographers, that are input to the  grind program to generate a WordNet database.

原始文件，基于生成了wordnet

lexicographer id (lex id)

A decimal integer that, when appended onto  lemma , uniquely identifies a sense within a lexicographer file.

monosemous

Having only one sense in a syntactic category.

单义

meronym

The name of a constituent part of, the substance of, or a member of something.  X is a meronym of  Y if  X is a part of  Y .

部分

part of speech

WordNet defines "part of speech" as either noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. Same as  syntactic category .

词性

participial adjective

An adjective that is derived from a verb.

从动词衍生来的形容词。

pertainym

A relational adjective. Adjectives that are pertainyms are usually defined by such phrases as "of or pertaining to" and do not have antonyms. A pertainym can point to a noun or another pertainym.

polysemous

Having more than one sense in a syntactic category.

多义词

polysemy count

Number of senses of a word in a syntactic category, in WordNet.

在同一个语法集下一个词的意思数。

postnominal

A postnominal adjective occurs only immediately following the noun that it modifies.

名词后修饰词。

predicative

An adjective that can be used only in predicate positions. If  X is a predicate adjective, it can only be used in such phrases as "it is  X " and never prenominally.

从不至于名词前，一般用法是it is X的形容词。

prenominal

An adjective that can occur only before the noun that it modifies: it cannot be used predicatively.

不作标语，一般出现在修饰的名词之前。

satellite synset

Synset in an adjective  cluster representing a concept that is similar in meaning to the concept represented by its  head synset .

semantic concordance

A textual corpus (e.g. the Brown Corpus) and a lexicon (e.g. WordNet) so combined that every substantive word in the text is linked to its appropriate sense in the lexicon via a  semantic tag .

一个文本中的每个词链接到wordnet里面的某个具体的意思。

semantic tag

A pointer from a word in a text file to a specific sense of that word in the WordNet database. A semantic tag in a semantic concordance is represented by a  sense key .

semantic pointer

A semantic pointer indicates a relation between synsets (concepts).

sense

A meaning of a word in WordNet. Each sense of a word is in a different  synset .

sense key

Information necessary to find a sense in the WordNet database. A sense key combines a  lemma field and codes for the synset type, lexicographer id, lexicographer file number, and information about a satellite's  head synset , if required. See  senseidx (5WN) for a description of the format of a sense key.

。。。

subordinate

Same as  hyponym .

superordinate

Same as  hypernym .

synset

A synonym set; a set of words that are interchangeable in some context without changing the truth value of the preposition in which they are embedded.

troponym

A verb expressing a specific manner elaboration of another verb.  X is a troponym of  Y if  to X is  to Y in some manner.

unique beginner

A noun synset with no superordinate .（最高级的名词，无上位词）