Django-Model操作数据库(增删改查、连表结构）

一、数据库操作

1、创建model表

        

基本结构

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from  django.db  import  models     class  userinfo(models.Model):     #如果没有 models . AutoField， 默认会创建一个id的自增列      name  =  models.CharField(max_length = 30 )      email  =  models.EmailField()      memo  =  models.TextField()

更多字段：

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更多参数

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2、注册APP，settings添加app

3、生成相应的表

    python manage.py makemigrations

    python manage.py migrate    
 

4、admin后台注册表

python manage.py createsuperuser  创建用户

后台可以管理，添加数据

 

 

对数据进行增删改查

查

models.UserInfo.objects.all()

models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('user')    #只取user列

models.UserInfo.objects.all().values_list('id','user')    #取出id和user列，并生成一个列表

models.UserInfo.objects.get(id=1)

models.UserInfo.objects.get(user='yangmv')

成功获取数据

 

 

增

models.UserInfo.objects.create(user='yangmv',pwd='123456')

或者

obj =  models.UserInfo(user='yangmv',pwd='123456')

obj.save()

或者

dic = {'user':'yangmv','pwd':'123456'}

models.UserInfo.objects.create(**dic)

 

 

 

删

models.UserInfo.objects.filter(user='yangmv').delete()

 

 

改

 

models.UserInfo.objects.filter(user='yangmv').update(pwd='520')

或者

obj =  models.UserInfo.objects.get(user='yangmv')

obj.pwd = '520'

obj.save()

 

 

1.  常用方法
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二、常用字段

models.DateTimeField　　日期类型 datetime

参数，

auto_now = True ：则每次更新都会更新这个时间

auto_now_add 则只是第一次创建添加，之后的更新不再改变。

 

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class  UserInfo(models.Model):      name  =  models.CharField(max_length = 32 )      ctime  =  models.DateTimeField(auto_now = True )      uptime  =  models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add = True )

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from  web  import  models def  home(request):      models.UserInfo.objects.create(name = 'yangmv' )      after  =  models.UserInfo.objects. all ()      print  after[ 0 ].ctime      return  render(request,  'home/home.html' )

　　

 

 

表结构的修改

表结构修改后，原来表中已存在的数据，就会出现结构混乱， makemigrations更新表的时候就会出错

解决方法：

1、新增加的字段，设置允许为空。生成表的时候，之前数据新增加的字段就会为空。(null=True允许数据库中为空，blank=True允许admin后台中为空)

2、新增加的字段，设置一个默认值。生成表的时候，之前的数据新增加字段就会应用这个默认值

执行makemigrations，  migrate  后。老数据会自动应用新增加的规则

 

 

models.ImageField                        图片

models.GenericIPAddressField      IP

ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(protocol="ipv4",null=True,blank=True)
img = models.ImageField(null=True,blank=True,upload_to="upload")

 

数据库中保存的只是图片的路径

 

 

常用参数

选择下拉框 choices

class UserInfo(models.Model):
    USER_TYPE_LIST = (
        (1,'user'),
(2,'admin'),
)
    user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=USER_TYPE_LIST,default=1)

 

 

 

 

2、连表结构

• 一对多：models.ForeignKey(其他表)
• 多对多：models.ManyToManyField(其他表)
• 一对一：models.OneToOneField(其他表)

应用场景：

• 一对多：当一张表中创建一行数据时，有一个单选的下拉框（可以被重复选择）
  例如：创建用户信息时候，需要选择一个用户类型【普通用户】【金牌用户】【铂金用户】等。
• 多对多：在某表中创建一行数据是，有一个可以多选的下拉框
  例如：创建用户信息，需要为用户指定多个爱好
• 一对一：在某表中创建一行数据时，有一个单选的下拉框（下拉框中的内容被用过一次就消失了
  例如：原有含10列数据的一张表保存相关信息，经过一段时间之后，10列无法满足需求，需要为原来的表再添加5列数据
   

 

一对多：

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class  Game(models.Model):      gname  =  models.CharField(max_length = 32 )   class  Host(models.Model):      hostname  =  models.CharField(max_length = 32 )      game  =  models.ForeignKey( 'Game' )

　　

这是Game表，里面有3个业务

这是主机表，可以通过外键，对应到Game表的业务的ID

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

多对多：

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class  UserGroup(models.Model):      group_name  =  models.CharField(max_length = 16 )   class  User(models.Model):      name  =  models.CharField(max_length = 16 )      sex  =  models.CharField(max_length = 16 )      email  =  models.EmailField(max_length = 32 )      usergroup_user  =  models.ManyToManyField( 'UserGroup' )

　

Django model会自动创建第3张关系表，用于对应user id 和usergroup id

这是UserGroup表

这是User表

这是Django自动生成的对应关系表

user_id = 1 为 yangmv，同时属于1,2(技术部，运营部)

 

 

 

一对一：   （一对多增加了不能重复）

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class  User2(models.Model):      name  =  models.CharField(max_length = 16 )      sex  =  models.CharField(max_length = 16 )      email  =  models.EmailField(max_length = 32 )   class  Admin(models.Model):      username  =  models.CharField(max_length = 32 )      password  =  models.CharField(max_length = 32 )      admin_user2  =  models.OneToOneField( 'User2' )

　　

 

 

 

 

连接Mysql

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 一对多操作实例

首先生成2个表

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from  django.db  import  models   class  Group2(models.Model):      caption  =  models.CharField(max_length = 32 )   class  User2(models.Model):      username  =  models.CharField(max_length = 32 )      group2  =  models.ForeignKey( 'Group2' )

　　

input和select标签用forms生成

先执行create_group生成3个group

 

已经查询出Group数据

添加

方法1，方法2

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def  create_user(request):      obj  =  Forign.UserForm(request.POST)      if  request.method  = =  'POST' :          if  obj.is_valid():              all_data  =  obj.clean()              #print all_data              #获取提交页面提交来的数据{'username': u'yang1', 'usergroup': 1}              #方法1，先获取对象，添加              #group_obj = models.Group2.objects.get(id=all_data['usergroup'])              #models.User2.objects.create(username=all_data['username'],usergroup=group_obj)              #方法2(推荐)              models.User2.objects.create(username = all_data[ 'username' ],group2_id = all_data[ 'usergroup' ])              #django会自动把数据库group2变为group2_id          else :              error  =  obj.errors              print  error[ 'username' ][ 0 ]              print  error[ 'usergroup' ][ 0 ]      return  render(request, 'forign/create_user.html' ,{ 'obj' :obj})

　　

 

方法3

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def  create_user(request):      obj  =  Forign.UserForm(request.POST)      if  request.method  = =  'POST' :          if  obj.is_valid():              all_data  =  obj.clean()              #print all_data              #获取提交页面提交来的数据{'username': u'yang1', 'usergroup': 1}              #方法1，先获取对象，添加              #group_obj = models.Group2.objects.get(id=all_data['usergroup'])              #models.User2.objects.create(username=all_data['username'],usergroup=group_obj)              #方法2(推荐)              #models.User2.objects.create(username=all_data['username'],group2_id=all_data['usergroup'])              #django会自动把数据库group2变为group2_id              #方法3(推荐)              models.User2.objects.create( * * all_data)              print  models.User2.objects. all ().count()          else :              pass              # error = obj.errors              # print error['username'][0]              # print error['usergroup_id'][0]      return  render(request, 'forign/create_user.html' ,{ 'obj' :obj})

　　

查询。展示出所有的数据

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def  create_user(request):      obj  =  Forign.UserForm(request.POST)      if  request.method  = =  'POST' :          if  obj.is_valid():              all_data  =  obj.clean()              #方法3(推荐)              models.User2.objects.create( * * all_data)              print  models.User2.objects. all ().count()          else :              pass      user_list  =  models.User2.objects. all ()      return  render(request, 'forign/create_user.html' ,{ 'obj' :obj, 'user_list' :user_list})

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< table  border="1">      {% for item in user_list %}          < tr >              < td >{{ item.username }}</ td >              < td >{{ item.group2.caption }}</ td >          </ tr >      {% endfor %} </ table >

　　

　　

 

GET方式查询

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def  create_user(request):      obj  =  Forign.UserForm(request.POST)      if  request.method  = =  'POST' :          if  obj.is_valid():              all_data  =  obj.clean()              #方法3(推荐)              models.User2.objects.create( * * all_data)              print  models.User2.objects. all ().count()          else :              pass      #查用户      get_user  =  request.GET.get( 'username' )      user_list  =  models.User2.objects. filter (username = get_user)      return  render(request, 'forign/create_user.html' ,{ 'obj' :obj, 'user_list' :user_list})

 

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#查组 get_val  =  request.GET.get( 'group' ) user_list  =  models.User2.objects. filter (group2__caption = get_val)

　　

一对多跨表操作，总结

1、group2对应的是一个对象

2、创建数据 group2_id ，直接查询数据库

3、获取数据，通过.     group2.caption

4、查询数据，通过__   group2__caption

-------------------------------

SQL语句：

select distinct a.device_hash, sum(b.cmn_merge_count) from 
(select distinct device_hash from tbl_fileprotect_svc_instance where customer_id='3f500ac5-020d-3ce3-a2a2-51a59ddd606e') 
as a left join tbl_file_protect_alarm as b on a.device_hash = b.device_hash group by a.device_hash;

简化SQL如下（把子查询转化为WHERE语句）：

select distinct a.device_hash, sum(b.cmn_merge_count) from 
tbl_fileprotect_svc_instance
as a left join tbl_file_protect_alarm as b on a.device_hash = b.device_hash 
where a.customer_id='3f500ac5-020d-3ce3-a2a2-51a59ddd606e'
group by a.device_hash;



select distinct a.device_hash, sum(b.cmn_merge_count) from  tbl_fileprotect_svc_instance as a left join tbl_file_protect_alarm as b on a.device_hash = b.device_hash where a.customer_id='3f500ac5-020d-3ce3-a2a2-51a59ddd606e' group by a.device_hash;

select distinct a.device_hash, sum(b.cmn_merge_count) as alarm_sum from  tbl_fileprotect_svc_instance as a left join tbl_file_protect_alarm as b on a.device_hash = b.device_hash where a.customer_id='3f500ac5-020d-3ce3-a2a2-51a59ddd606e' group by a.device_hash;

 

Django代码：

TODO：
方法一：

ret = []
device_list = models.FILE_PROTECT_INSTANCE.objects.filter(customer_id=customer_id)
for item in device_list:
    tmp_dict = {}
    tmp_dict['device_hash'] = item.device_hash
    tmp_dict['hostname'] = item.hostname
    tmp_dict['status'] = item.status 
    from django.db.models import Sum
    alarm_sum_group_items = models.FILE_PROTECT_ALARM.objects.filter(customer_id=customer_id).filter(device_hash=tmp_dict['device_hash']).values('device_hash').annotate(alarm_sum=Sum('cmn_merge_count'))
    #tmp_dict['customer_id'] = customer_id
    tmp_dict['alarm_sum'] = alarm_sum_group_items[0]['alarm_sum'] if (len(alarm_sum_group_items)!=0) else 0
    ret.append(tmp_dict)

 

方法二：

hashes = A.objects.values_list("device_hash", flat=True).filter(customer_id="3f500ac5-020d-3ce3-a2a2-51a59ddd606e")

B.objects.filter(device_hash__in=hashes).values_list("device_hash").annotate(Sum("cmn_merge_count"))

 

SQL实现聚合查询统计（Sum，Count等）

from django.db.models import Sum
        #start_time = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(data['start_time']).replace(tzinfo=utc)
        #end_time = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(data['end_time']).replace(tzinfo=utc)
        end_time = datetime.now()
        start_time = end_time + timedelta(days=-1)
        condition['cmn_alert_time__range'] = (start_time, end_time)
        #alarm_sum_group_items_day = models.FILE_PROTECT_ALARM.objects.filter(**condition).values('customer_id').annotate(alarm_sum_day=Sum('cmn_merge_count'))
        alarm_sum_day = models.FILE_PROTECT_ALARM.objects.filter(**condition).aggregate(Sum("cmn_merge_count"))
        day_sum = alarm_sum_day['cmn_merge_count__sum'] if (alarm_sum_day['cmn_merge_count__sum'] is not None) else 0 
        
        end_time = datetime.now()
        start_time = end_time + timedelta(days=-7)
        condition['cmn_alert_time__range'] = (start_time, end_time)
        #alarm_sum_group_items_week = models.FILE_PROTECT_ALARM.objects.filter(**condition).values('customer_id').annotate(alarm_sum_week=Sum('cmn_merge_count'))
        alarm_sum_week = models.FILE_PROTECT_ALARM.objects.filter(**condition).aggregate(Sum("cmn_merge_count"))
        week_sum = alarm_sum_week['cmn_merge_count__sum'] if (alarm_sum_week['cmn_merge_count__sum'] is not None) else 0 
        
        condition = {}
        #condition['device_hash'] = data['device_hash']
        condition['customer_id'] = customer_id
        end_time = datetime.now()
        #start_time = end_time + timedelta(days=-7)
        condition['cmn_alert_time__lte'] = end_time
        #alarm_sum_group_items_all = models.FILE_PROTECT_ALARM.objects.filter(**condition).values('customer_id').annotate(alarm_sum_all=Sum('cmn_merge_count'))
        alarm_sum_all = models.FILE_PROTECT_ALARM.objects.filter(**condition).aggregate(Sum("cmn_merge_count"))
        all_sum = alarm_sum_all['cmn_merge_count__sum'] if (alarm_sum_all['cmn_merge_count__sum'] is not None) else 0