自然语言处理

---

词向量

tf.nn.embedding_lookup

embedding_lookup(
    params,
    ids,
    partition_strategy='mod',
    name=None,
    validate_indices=True,
    max_norm=None
)

ARGS：

 params：表示完整嵌入张量的单张量，或者除了第一维以外的P张量表，它们都是相同的形状，表示分片嵌入张量。 或者，通过沿着维度0进行分区创建一个PartitionedVariable。每个元素的大小必须适合给定的partition_strategy。
 ids：类型为int32或int64的张量，包含要在参数中查找的id。
 partition_strategy：指定分区策略的字符串，相关如果len（params）> 1.目前支持“div”和“mod”。 默认是“mod”。
 名称：操作的名称（可选）。
 validate_indices：DEPRECATED。 如果将此操作分配给CPU，则索引中的值始终验证在范围内。 如果分配给GPU，超出边界的索引会导致安全但未指定的行为，其中可能包括引发错误。
 max_norm：如果提供，嵌入值被归一化为max_norm的值。

embedding_lookup(params, ids)其实就是按照ids顺序返回params中的第ids行。
比如说，ids=[1,3,2],就是返回params中第1,3,2行。返回结果为由params的1,3,2行组成的tensor.

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
sess=tf.InteractiveSession()
embedding=tf.Variable(np.identity(5,dtype=np.int32))
input_ids=tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.int32,shape=[None])
input_embedding=tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embedding,input_ids)
tf.global_variables_initializer().run()
print (sess.run(embedding))
print("####################")
print (sess.run(input_embedding,feed_dict={input_ids:[0,0,0,1,1,1,2]}))

[[1 0 0 0 0]
 [0 1 0 0 0]
 [0 0 1 0 0]
 [0 0 0 1 0]
 [0 0 0 0 1]]
####################
[[1 0 0 0 0]
 [1 0 0 0 0]
 [1 0 0 0 0]
 [0 1 0 0 0]
 [0 1 0 0 0]
 [0 1 0 0 0]
 [0 0 1 0 0]]

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import collections
import math
import os
import random
from tempfile import gettempdir
import zipfile

import numpy as np
from six.moves import urllib
from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf

# Step 1: Download the data.
url = 'http://mattmahoney.net/dc/'


# pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
def maybe_download(filename, expected_bytes):
  """Download a file if not present, and make sure it's the right size."""
  local_filename = os.path.join(gettempdir(), filename)
  if not os.path.exists(local_filename):
    local_filename, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url + filename,
                                                   local_filename)
  statinfo = os.stat(local_filename)
  if statinfo.st_size == expected_bytes:
    print('Found and verified', filename)
  else:
    print(statinfo.st_size)
    raise Exception('Failed to verify ' + local_filename +
                    '. Can you get to it with a browser?')
  return local_filename


#filename = maybe_download('text8.zip', 31344016)
filename = 'text8.zip'

# Read the data into a list of strings.
def read_data(filename):
  """Extract the first file enclosed in a zip file as a list of words."""
  with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as f:
    data = tf.compat.as_str(f.read(f.namelist()[0])).split()
  return data

vocabulary = read_data(filename)
print('Data size', len(vocabulary))

# Step 2: Build the dictionary and replace rare words with UNK token.
vocabulary_size = 50000


def build_dataset(words, n_words):
  """Process raw inputs into a dataset."""
  count = [['UNK', -1]]
  count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(n_words - 1))
  dictionary = dict()
  for word, _ in count:
    dictionary[word] = len(dictionary)
  data = list()
  unk_count = 0
  for word in words:
    index = dictionary.get(word, 0)
    if index == 0:  # dictionary['UNK']
      unk_count += 1
    data.append(index)
  count[0][1] = unk_count
  reversed_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(), dictionary.keys()))
  return data, count, dictionary, reversed_dictionary

# Filling 4 global variables:
# data - list of codes (integers from 0 to vocabulary_size-1).
#   This is the original text but words are replaced by their codes
# count - map of words(strings) to count of occurrences
# dictionary - map of words(strings) to their codes(integers)
# reverse_dictionary - maps codes(integers) to words(strings)
data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary = build_dataset(vocabulary,
                                                            vocabulary_size)
del vocabulary  # Hint to reduce memory.
print('Most common words (+UNK)', count[:5])
print('Sample data', data[:10], [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in data[:10]])

data_index = 0

# Step 3: Function to generate a training batch for the skip-gram model.
def generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips, skip_window):
  global data_index
  assert batch_size % num_skips == 0
  assert num_skips <= 2 * skip_window
  batch = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size), dtype=np.int32)
  labels = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size, 1), dtype=np.int32)
  span = 2 * skip_window + 1  # [ skip_window target skip_window ]
  buffer = collections.deque(maxlen=span)
  if data_index + span > len(data):
    data_index = 0
  buffer.extend(data[data_index:data_index + span])
  data_index += span
  for i in range(batch_size // num_skips):
    context_words = [w for w in range(span) if w != skip_window]
    words_to_use = random.sample(context_words, num_skips)
    for j, context_word in enumerate(words_to_use):
      batch[i * num_skips + j] = buffer[skip_window]
      labels[i * num_skips + j, 0] = buffer[context_word]
    if data_index == len(data):
      buffer[:] = data[:span]
      data_index = span
    else:
      buffer.append(data[data_index])
      data_index += 1
  # Backtrack a little bit to avoid skipping words in the end of a batch
  data_index = (data_index + len(data) - span) % len(data)
  return batch, labels

batch, labels = generate_batch(batch_size=8, num_skips=2, skip_window=1)
print("$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$")
print(batch)
print(labels)
print("$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$")
for i in range(8):
  print(batch[i], reverse_dictionary[batch[i]],
        '->', labels[i, 0], reverse_dictionary[labels[i, 0]])

# Step 4: Build and train a skip-gram model.

batch_size = 128
embedding_size = 128  # Dimension of the embedding vector.
skip_window = 1       # How many words to consider left and right.
num_skips = 2         # How many times to reuse an input to generate a label.
num_sampled = 64      # Number of negative examples to sample.

# We pick a random validation set to sample nearest neighbors. Here we limit the
# validation samples to the words that have a low numeric ID, which by
# construction are also the most frequent. These 3 variables are used only for
# displaying model accuracy, they don't affect calculation.
valid_size = 16     # Random set of words to evaluate similarity on.
valid_window = 100  # Only pick dev samples in the head of the distribution.
valid_examples = np.random.choice(valid_window, valid_size, replace=False)


graph = tf.Graph()

with graph.as_default():

  # Input data.
  train_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size])
  train_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size, 1])
  valid_dataset = tf.constant(valid_examples, dtype=tf.int32)

  # Ops and variables pinned to the CPU because of missing GPU implementation
  with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
    # Look up embeddings for inputs.
    embeddings = tf.Variable(
        tf.random_uniform([vocabulary_size, embedding_size], -1.0, 1.0))
    embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)
    # Construct the variables for the NCE loss
    nce_weights = tf.Variable(
        tf.truncated_normal([vocabulary_size, embedding_size],
                            stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(embedding_size)))
    nce_biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([vocabulary_size]))

  # Compute the average NCE loss for the batch.
  # tf.nce_loss automatically draws a new sample of the negative labels each
  # time we evaluate the loss.
  # Explanation of the meaning of NCE loss:
  #   http://mccormickml.com/2016/04/19/word2vec-tutorial-the-skip-gram-model/
  loss = tf.reduce_mean(
      tf.nn.nce_loss(weights=nce_weights,
                     biases=nce_biases,
                     labels=train_labels,
                     inputs=embed,
                     num_sampled=num_sampled,
                     num_classes=vocabulary_size))

  # Construct the SGD optimizer using a learning rate of 1.0.
  optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)

  # Compute the cosine similarity between minibatch examples and all embeddings.
  norm = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(embeddings), 1, keep_dims=True))
  normalized_embeddings = embeddings / norm
  valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(
      normalized_embeddings, valid_dataset)
  similarity = tf.matmul(
      valid_embeddings, normalized_embeddings, transpose_b=True)

  # Add variable initializer.
  init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

# Step 5: Begin training.
num_steps = 100001

with tf.Session(graph=graph) as session:
  # We must initialize all variables before we use them.
  init.run()
  print('Initialized')

  average_loss = 0
  for step in xrange(num_steps):
    batch_inputs, batch_labels = generate_batch(
        batch_size, num_skips, skip_window)
    feed_dict = {train_inputs: batch_inputs, train_labels: batch_labels}

    # We perform one update step by evaluating the optimizer op (including it
    # in the list of returned values for session.run()
    a, b = session.run([embeddings,embed], feed_dict=feed_dict)
    print("##############################################################")
    print(a[0],len(a),len(a[0]))
    print("bbb##############################################################")
    print(b[0],len(b),len(b[0]))
    print("##############################################################")
    _, loss_val = session.run([optimizer, loss], feed_dict=feed_dict)
    average_loss += loss_val

    if step % 2000 == 0:
      if step > 0:
        average_loss /= 2000
      # The average loss is an estimate of the loss over the last 2000 batches.
      print('Average loss at step ', step, ': ', average_loss)
      average_loss = 0

    # Note that this is expensive (~20% slowdown if computed every 500 steps)
    if step % 10000 == 0:
      sim = similarity.eval()
      for i in xrange(valid_size):
        valid_word = reverse_dictionary[valid_examples[i]]
        top_k = 8  # number of nearest neighbors
        nearest = (-sim[i, :]).argsort()[1:top_k + 1]
        log_str = 'Nearest to %s:' % valid_word
        for k in xrange(top_k):
          close_word = reverse_dictionary[nearest[k]]
          log_str = '%s %s,' % (log_str, close_word)
        print(log_str)
  final_embeddings = normalized_embeddings.eval()

# Step 6: Visualize the embeddings.


# pylint: disable=missing-docstring
# Function to draw visualization of distance between embeddings.
def plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, filename):
  assert low_dim_embs.shape[0] >= len(labels), 'More labels than embeddings'
  plt.figure(figsize=(18, 18))  # in inches
  for i, label in enumerate(labels):
    x, y = low_dim_embs[i, :]
    plt.scatter(x, y)
    plt.annotate(label,
                 xy=(x, y),
                 xytext=(5, 2),
                 textcoords='offset points',
                 ha='right',
                 va='bottom')

  plt.savefig(filename)

try:
  # pylint: disable=g-import-not-at-top
  from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

  tsne = TSNE(perplexity=30, n_components=2, init='pca', n_iter=5000, method='exact')
  plot_only = 500
  low_dim_embs = tsne.fit_transform(final_embeddings[:plot_only, :])
  labels = [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in xrange(plot_only)]
  plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, os.path.join(gettempdir(), 'tsne.png'))

except ImportError as ex:
  print('Please install sklearn, matplotlib, and scipy to show embeddings.')
  print(ex)