量子力学第十弹——外部电磁场

最新推荐文章于 2023-10-25 14:28:40 发布

东门之杨

最新推荐文章于 2023-10-25 14:28:40 发布

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文章标签：量子力学电磁场

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/45966671

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哈密顿量

H = 1 2 m (p - q c A) 2 + q ϕ = 1 2 m (p i - q c A i) (p i - q c A i) + q ϕ

$H=\frac1{2m}(\mathbf{p}-\frac qc \mathbf{A})^2+q\phi=\frac1{2m}(p_i-\frac qc A_i)(p_i-\frac qc A_i)+q\phi$
其中

−qcA $-\dfrac qc \mathbf{A}$ 是由于外部电磁场的存在对动量的修正。

哈密顿正则方程

d x i d t = \partial H \partial p i = 1 m (p i - 1 c A i) \Rightarrow v i = 1 m (p i - q c A i)

$\boxed{\dfrac{dx_i}{dt}=\dfrac{\partial H}{\partial p_i}=\dfrac1m(p_i-\dfrac 1c A_i)\Rightarrow v_i=\dfrac 1m(p_i-\dfrac qc A_i)}$

d p i d t = - \partial H \partial x i = q m c \partial i A j (p j - q c A j) - q \partial i ϕ i

$\boxed{\dfrac{dp_i}{dt}=-\dfrac{\partial H}{\partial x_i}=\dfrac q{mc}\partial_iA_j(p_j-\dfrac qcA_j)-q\partial_i\phi_i}$

d 2 x i d t 2 = = = 1 m (d p i d t - q c d A i d t) 1 m (q m c \partial i A j (p j - q c A j) - q \partial i ϕ i - q c d A i d t) 1 m (q c \partial i A j v j - q \partial i ϕ i - q c d A i d t)

$\boxed{\begin{align}\frac{d^2x_i}{dt^2}=&\frac 1m\left(\frac{dp_i}{dt}-\frac qc\frac{dA_i}{dt}\right)\\=&\frac 1m\left(\frac q{mc}\partial_iA_j(p_j-\frac qcA_j)-q\partial_i\phi_i-\frac qc\frac{dA_i}{dt}\right)\\=&\frac 1m\left(\frac qc\partial _iA_jv_j-q\partial_i\phi_i-\frac qc\frac{dA_i}{dt}\right)\end{align}}$

E = - \nabla ϕ - 1 c \partial A \partial t \Rightarrow E i = - \partial i ϕ - 1 c \partial A i \partial t

$\boxed{\mathbf{E}=-\nabla \phi-\dfrac 1c\dfrac{\partial A}{\partial t}\Rightarrow E_i=-\partial_i\phi-\dfrac 1c\dfrac{\partial A_i}{\partial t}}$

d A i d t = \partial A i \partial t + \partial A i \partial x j d x j d t

$\boxed{\dfrac{dA_i}{dt}=\dfrac{\partial A_i}{\partial t}+\dfrac{\partial A_i}{\partial x_j}\dfrac{d x_j}{dt}}$

(v \times \nabla \times A) i = = = = = ε i j k v j (\nabla \times A) k ε i j k v j ε k l m \partial l A m (δ i l δ j m - δ i m δ j l) v j \partial l A m v j \partial i A j - v j \partial j A i v j (\partial i A j - \partial j A i)

$\boxed{\begin{align}(\mathbf v\times \nabla\times \mathbf A)_i=&\varepsilon_{ijk}v_j(\nabla\times \mathbf A)_k\\=&\varepsilon_{ijk}v_j\varepsilon_{klm}\partial_lA_m\\=&(\delta_{il}\delta_{jm}-\delta_{im}\delta_{jl})v_j\partial_lA_m\\=&v_j\partial_iA_j-v_j\partial_jA_i\\=&v_j(\partial_iA_j-\partial_jA_i)\end{align}}$

\Rightarrow m d 2 x i d t 2 = = = = q c \partial i A j v j - q \partial i ϕ i - q c d A i d t q (- \partial i ϕ - 1 c (d A i d t - v j \partial j A i)) + q c v j (\partial i A j - \partial j A i) q E i + q c (v \times \nabla \times A) i q E i + q (v c \times B) i

$\boxed{\begin{align}{\color{red}\Rightarrow }m\frac{d^2x_i}{dt^2}=&\frac qc\partial _iA_jv_j-q\partial_i\phi_i-\frac qc\frac{dA_i}{dt}\\=&q\left(-\partial_i\phi-\frac 1c\left(\frac{dA_i}{dt}-v_j\partial_jA_i\right)\right)+\frac qcv_j(\partial_iA_j-\partial_jA_i)\\=&qE_i+\frac qc(\mathbf v\times \nabla\times \mathbf A)_i\\=&qE_i+q\left(\frac{\mathbf v}{c}\times \mathbf B\right)_i\end{align}}$
以上证明了哈密顿量的定义符合

Lorentz $Lorentz$ 方程，这说明了该处哈密顿量定义的合理性。

正则量子化

对这个哈密顿方程进行正则量子化（一次量子化）

坐标量子化 $x \to x^$ $\bf x\to \hat x$

动量量子化 $p \to p^= - i ℏ \nabla$ $\mathbf {p\to \hat p}=-i\hbar\nabla$

基本对易关系 $[x^i, p j] = i ℏ δ i j$ $[\hat x_i,p_j]=i\hbar\delta_{ij}$

哈密顿量量子化 $H = 1 2 m (p^- q c A) 2 + q ϕ = 1 2 m (p^i - q c A i) (p^i - q c A i) + q ϕ$ $H=\frac1{2m}(\hat{\mathbf{p}}-\frac qc \mathbf{A})^2+q\phi=\frac1{2m}(\hat p_i-\frac qc A_i)(\hat p_i-\frac qc A_i)+q\phi$

对易关系 $[p^i, A j (x^k)] = = = \Rightarrow = = [p^i, x^k] \partial A j \partial x ^ k - i ℏ δ i k \partial A j \partial x ^ k - i ℏ \partial A j \partial x ^ i p^\cdot A - A \cdot p^- i ℏ \nabla \cdot A 0 (C o u l o m b G o u g e)$ $\begin{align}[\hat p_i,A_j(\hat x_k)]=&[\hat p_i,\hat x_k]\frac{\partial A_j}{\partial \hat x_k}\\=&-i\hbar\delta_{ik}\frac{\partial A_j}{\partial \hat x_k}\\=&-i\hbar\frac{\partial A_j}{\partial \hat x_i}\\\Rightarrow&\bf\hat p\cdot A-A\cdot \hat p\\=&-\mathrm{i}\hbar\nabla\cdot A\\=&\mathrm 0\textit{( Coulomb Gouge)}\end{align}$

所以在 $Coulomb$ 规范下，哈密顿量为

H = p ^ 2 2 m - q m c A \cdot p^+ q 2 2 m c 2 A^2 + q ϕ

$H=\frac{\mathbf{\hat p^2}}{2m}-\frac q{mc}\mathbf{A\cdot\hat p}+\frac{q^2}{2mc^2}\mathbf{\hat A^2}+q\phi$

外电场的性质

局域几率守恒

\partial \partial t ρ + \nabla \cdot j = 0

$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\rho+\nabla\cdot\mathbf{j}=0$
其中

ρ = ψ * (x, t) ψ (x, t) = | ψ (x, t) | 2 j = R (ψ * v ψ)

$\rho=\psi^*(\mathbf{x},t)\psi(\mathbf{x},t)=|\psi(\mathbf{x},t)|^2\\j=\Re(\psi^*\mathbf{v}\psi)$

速度算符性质

[v i, v j] = i ℏ q m 2 c ε i j k B k \Leftrightarrow v \times v = i ℏ q m 2 c B

$[v_i,v_j]=\frac{i\hbar q}{m^2c}\varepsilon_{ijk}B_k\Leftrightarrow \mathbf{v}\times \mathbf{v}=\frac{i\hbar q}{m^2c}\mathbf{B}$

规范不变性

在经典力学中，电磁场以及 $Lorentz$ 方程具有规范不变性。

proof

在量子力学中，薛定谔方程具有规范不变性。

proof

在规范变换下，几率密度保持不变。

proof

在规范变换下，速度平均值保持不变。

proof

内禀磁矩

在 $Coulomb$ 规范下，外部有磁场时，哈密顿量为

H = p ^ 2 2 m - q m c A \cdot p^+ q 2 2 m c 2 A^2 + q ϕ

$H=\frac{\mathbf{\hat p^2}}{2m}-\frac q{mc}\mathbf{A\cdot\hat p}+\frac{q^2}{2mc^2}\mathbf{\hat A^2}+q\phi$
取

ϕ=0,q=−e $\phi=0,q=-e$ ，并且通过量级分析

q 2 2 m c 2 A ^ 2 q m c A \cdot p ^\sim | e 2 c | | A | | p | < 1 0 - 4

$\frac{\dfrac{q^2}{2mc^2}\mathbf{\hat A^2}}{\dfrac q{mc}\mathbf{A\cdot\hat p}}\sim |\frac{e}{2c}|\frac{|\bf A|}{|\bf p|<10^{-4}}$
所以哈密顿量

H = p ^ 2 2 m + e m c A \cdot p^

$H=\frac{\mathbf{\hat p^2}}{2m}+\frac e{mc}\mathbf{A\cdot\hat p}$

轨道角动量引起的磁矩

e m c A \cdot p^= e 2 m c (B \times x) \cdot p^= e 2 m c B \cdot (x \times p^） = e 2 m c L \times B = - μ ⃗ L B

$\begin{align}\frac e{mc}\mathbf{A\cdot\hat p}&=\frac e{2mc}\mathbf{(B\times x)\cdot\hat p}\\&=\frac e{2mc}\mathbf{B\cdot(x\times\hat p）}\\&=\frac e{2mc}\mathbf{L\times B}\\&=-\vec\mu_L\mathbf{B}\end{align}$

自旋引起的磁矩

哈密顿量

H = 1 2 m [σ^\cdot (p^+ e c A^)] 2 = 1 2 m (p^+ e c A^) 2 + i 2 m σ^[(p^+ e c A^) \times (p^+ e c A^)] = e m c L \times B + e m c S \times B = - μ L B - μ S \cdot B

$\begin{align}H=&\dfrac1{2m}[\hat\sigma\cdot(\hat{\mathbf{p}}+\dfrac ec \mathbf{\hat A})]^2\\&=\dfrac1{2m}(\hat{\mathbf{p}}+\dfrac ec \mathbf{\hat A})^2+\frac{i}{2m}\hat\sigma[(\hat{\mathbf{p}}+\dfrac ec \mathbf{\hat A})\times(\hat{\mathbf{p}}+\dfrac ec \mathbf{\hat A})]\\&=\frac e{mc}\mathbf{L\times B}+\frac e{mc}\mathbf{S\times B}\\ &=-\mu_L \bf B-\bf\mu_S\cdot B\end{align}$

朗道能级

Thanks to Prof. Guo Hong

东门之杨

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量子力学第十弹——外部电磁场

哈密顿量H=12m(p−qcA)2+qϕ=12m(pi−qcAi)(pi−qcAi)+qϕH=\frac1{2m}(\mathbf{p}-\frac qc \mathbf{A})^2+q\phi=\frac1{2m}(p_i-\frac qc A_i)(p_i-\frac qc A_i)+q\phi 其中−qcA-\dfrac qc \mathbf{A}是由于外部电磁场的存在
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