绑定变量窥视,就是指oracle在第一次解析SQL语句的时候(也就是说该SQL第一次传入shared pool),会将你输入的绑定变量的值带入SQL语句里,从而参考你的字面值来猜测该SQL大概会返回多少条记录,从而得到优化的执行计划。然后,以后再次执行相同的SQL语句时,不再考虑你所输入的绑定变量的值,直接取出第一次生成的绑定变量。但是,很可惜的是,使用绑定变量从而共享游标与SQL优化是两个矛盾的目标。Oracle使用绑定变量的前提,是oracle认为大部分的列的数据都是分布比较均匀的。从而,使用第一次的绑定变量的值所得到的执行计划,大多数情况下都能适用于该绑定变量的其他的值。很明显,如果第一次传入的绑定变量的值恰好占整个数据量的百分比较高,从而导致全表扫描的执行计划。而后来传入的绑定变量的值都占整个数据量的百分比都很低,则应该走索引扫描会更好的,但是由于使用了绑定变量,从而oracle并不会再去看你的绑定变量的值,而是直接拿全表扫描的执行计划来用。这时,由于使用了绑定变量,虽然我们达到了游标共享,从而节省CPU的目的,但是SQL的执行计划却不够优化了。
实验
具体可参见 http://blog.itpub.net/15415488/viewspace-621535
实验
SCOTT@ fyl>create table t1 as select * from dba_objects;
SCOTT@ fyl>create index t1_id on t1(object_id);
SCOTT@ fyl>execute dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'SCOTT',tabname => 'T1' ,method_opt => 'for all indexed columns' ,cascade => true);
SCOTT@ fyl>var id number;
SCOTT@ fyl>exec :id :=100;
SCOTT@ fyl>set autotrace traceonly;
SCOTT@ fyl>select * from t1 where object_id<:id;
98 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2288890262
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 3272 | 313K| 17 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T1 | 3272 | 313K| 17 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T1_ID | 589 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("OBJECT_ID"<TO_NUMBER(:ID))
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
18 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
10120 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
485 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
8 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
98 rows processed
SCOTT@ fyl>exec :id :=50000;
SCOTT@ fyl>select * from t1 where object_id<:id;
49588 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2288890262
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 3272 | 313K| 17 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T1 | 3272 | 313K| 17 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T1_ID | 589 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("OBJECT_ID"<TO_NUMBER(:ID))
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
7887 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
5495043 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
36774 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
3307 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
49588 rows processed
由于使用了绑定变量导致两次执行计划一样,Plan hash value: 2288890262
SCOTT@ fyl>select /*+full(t1) */ * from t1 where object_id<:50000;
49588 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3617692013
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 3272 | 313K| 262 (1)| 00:00:04 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1 | 3272 | 313K| 262 (1)| 00:00:04 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("OBJECT_ID"<TO_NUMBER(:ID))
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
4198 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
2349310 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
36774 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
3307 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
49588 rows processed
走索引时 object_id<:50000-- 7887 consistent gets
全表扫描时 object_id<:50000-- 4198 consistent gets
OPT_PARAM('_optim_peek_user_binds' 'false')
select /*+opt_param('_optim_peek_user_binds', 'false')*/ id,name from test1 where id=:fid;
具体可参见 http://blog.itpub.net/15415488/viewspace-621535