HDU - 5237 Base64 2015上海邀请赛 （模拟）

Mike does not want others to view his messages, so he find a encode method Base64. 

Here is an example of the note in Chinese Passport. 

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China requests all civil and military authorities of foreign countries to allow the bearer of this passport to pass freely and afford assistance in case of need. 

When encoded by \texttt{Base64}, it looks as follows 

VGhlIE1pbmlzdHJ5IG9mIEZvcmVpZ24gQWZmYWlycyBvZiB0aGUgUGVvcGxlJ3MgUmVwdWJsaWMgb2Yg 
Q2hpbmEgcmVxdWVzdHMgYWxsIGNpdmlsIGFuZCBtaWxpdGFyeSBhdXRob3JpdGllcyBvZiBmb3JlaWdu 
IGNvdW50cmllcyB0byBhbGxvdyB0aGUgYmVhcmVyIG9mIHRoaXMgcGFzc3BvcnQgdG8gcGFzcyBmcmVl 
bHkgYW5kIGFmZm9yZCBhc3Npc3RhbmNlIGluIGNhc2Ugb2YgbmVlZC4= 

In the above text, the encoded result of \texttt{The} is \texttt{VGhl}. Encoded in ASCII, the characters \texttt{T}, \texttt{h}, and \texttt{e} are stored as the bytes  84 84,  104 104, and  101 101, which are the  8 8-bit binary values  01010100 01010100,  01101000 01101000, and  01100101 01100101. These three values are joined together into a 24-bit string, producing  010101000110100001100101 010101000110100001100101. 
Groups of  6 6 bits ( 6 6 bits have a maximum of  26=64 26=64 different binary values) are converted into individual numbers from left to right (in this case, there are four numbers in a 24-bit string), which are then converted into their corresponding Base64 encoded characters. The Base64 index table is 

0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123 
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/ 

In the above example, the string  010101000110100001100101 010101000110100001100101 is divided into four parts  010101 010101,  000110 000110,  100001 100001 and  100101 100101, and converted into integers  21,6,33 21,6,33 and  37 37. Then we find them in the table, and get V, G, h, l. 

When the number of bytes to encode is not divisible by three (that is, if there are only one or two bytes of input for the last 24-bit block), then the following action is performed: 

Add extra bytes with value zero so there are three bytes, and perform the conversion to base64. If there was only one significant input byte, only the first two base64 digits are picked (12 bits), and if there were two significant input bytes, the first three base64 digits are picked (18 bits). '=' characters are added to make the last block contain four base64 characters. 

As a result, when the last group contains one bytes, the four least significant bits of the final 6-bit block are set to zero; and when the last group contains two bytes, the two least significant bits of the final 6-bit block are set to zero. 

For example, base64(A) = QQ==, base64(AA) = QUE=. 

Now, Mike want you to help him encode a string for  k k times. Can you help him? 

For example, when we encode A for two times, we will get base64(base64(A)) = UVE9PQ==. 

Input

  The first line contains an integer  T T( T≤20 T≤20) denoting the number of test cases.
   
  In the following  T T lines, each line contains a case. In each case, there is a number  k(1≤k≤5) k(1≤k≤5) and a string  s s.  s s only contains characters whose ASCII value are from  33 33 to  126 126(all visible characters). The length of  s s is no larger than  100 100.

Output

  For each test case, output Case #t:, to represent this is t-th case. And then output the encoded string. 

Sample Input

2
1 Mike
4 Mike

Sample Output

Case #1: TWlrZQ==
Case #2: Vmtaa2MyTnNjRkpRVkRBOQ==

Hint

当你看到这样长的模拟题的时候是不是感到一点恶心，不过好在哥的英语还不是很差，题目我来读，代码ps敲，代码有点丑，没我写的漂亮 ，不过思路还算清晰。。。

粘贴一下网友的题意：

　每一次的变换方法为：1.将字符串分为没三个字符一组；2.对于一组的每个字符，将其ASCII码值改写为二进制，不够八位的在前面补0（如果每次都对数组清空后从后面填数字，就不必考虑前面加0的情况）；3.对于得到的24位数组，将其每6个字符分为一组，每组的6位变换为十进制，每个十进制数字对应一个字符（对应关系用字符串就可以解决）；4.按顺序将变换之后得到的字符输出；5.对于字符串长度不能被三整除的，变为二进制后，对于不满八位的地方，在后面补0，剩下的不够四个字符就用等号补满；

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

char tab[65] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";

int main()
{

    //printf("%d %d %d %d\n", 'M', 'i', 'k', 'e');
    int t, k;
    unsigned char s[1024];
    int i;
    int len;
    unsigned char a, b, c, d;
    unsigned char s2[1024];
    int cas = 0;
    int j;
    int tot;
    //char

    scanf("%d", &t);

    while (t--) {
        scanf("%d%s", &k, s);
        len = strlen((const char *)s);
        printf("Case #%d: ", ++cas);

        for (j = 0; j < k; ++j) {
            tot = 0;
            for (i = 0; i + 2 < len; i += 3) {
                a = s[i] >> 2;
                b = s[i] << 6, b >>= 2, b += s[i + 1] >> 4;
                c = s[i + 1] << 4, c >>= 2, c += s[i + 2] >> 6;
                d = s[i + 2] << 2, d >>= 2;
                //printf("%d %d %d %d\n", a, b, c, d);
                //printf("%c%c%c%c", tab[a], tab[b], tab[c], tab[d]);
                s2[tot++] = tab[a];
                s2[tot++] = tab[b];
                s2[tot++] = tab[c];
                s2[tot++] = tab[d];
            }
            if (i == len - 1) {
                a = s[i] >> 2;
                b = s[i] << 6, b >>= 2;
                //printf("%c%c==\n", tab[a], tab[b]);
                s2[tot++] = tab[a];
                s2[tot++] = tab[b];
                s2[tot++] = '=';
                s2[tot++] = '=';
            } else if (i == len - 2) {
                a = s[i] >> 2;
                b = s[i] << 6, b >>= 2, b += s[i + 1] >> 4;
                c = s[i + 1] << 4, c >>= 2;
                //printf("%c%c%c=\n", tab[a], tab[b], tab[c]);
                s2[tot++] = tab[a];
                s2[tot++] = tab[b];
                s2[tot++] = tab[c];
                s2[tot++] = '=';
            }
            s2[tot] = '\0';
            //printf("%s\n", s2);
            strcpy((char *)s, (const char *)s2);
            len = tot;
            //printf("s = %s\n", s);
        }
        printf("%s\n", s2);
    }

    return 0;
}