rpm与yum

1.rpm，英文全称Red Hat Package Manager，是Redhat linux下的软件包管理器。

rpm可以通过rpm文件安装某个软件，但是如果该软件需要其他软件作为依赖，rpm不会自动安装这些依赖包。

在centos下运行rpm --help，返回如下：

用法: rpm [选项...]
  --quiet

Query/Verify package selection options:
  -a, --all                        query/verify all packages
  -f, --file                       query/verify package(s) owning file
  -g, --group                      query/verify package(s) in group
  -p, --package                    query/verify a package file
  -W, --ftswalk                    query/verify package(s) from TOP file tree walk
  --pkgid                          query/verify package(s) with package identifier
  --hdrid                          query/verify package(s) with header identifier
  --fileid                         query/verify package(s) with file identifier
  --specfile                       query a spec file
  --triggeredby                    query the package(s) triggered by the package
  --whatrequires                   query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
  --whatprovides                   query/verify the package(s) which provide a dependency
  --nomanifest                     do not process non-package files as manifests

Query options (with -q or --query):
  -c, --configfiles                list all configuration files
  -d, --docfiles                   list all documentation files
  --dump                           dump basic file information
  -l, --list                       list files in package
  --queryformat=QUERYFORMAT        use the following query format
  -s, --state                      display the states of the listed files

Verify options (with -V or --verify):
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nomd5                          don't verify digest of files
  --nofiles                        don't verify files in package
  --nodeps                         don't verify package dependencies
  --noscript                       don't execute verify script(s)

File tree walk options (with --ftswalk):
  --comfollow                      follow command line symlinks
  --logical                        logical walk
  --nochdir                        don't change directories
  --nostat                         don't get stat info
  --physical                       physical walk
  --seedot                         return dot and dot-dot
  --xdev                           don't cross devices
  --whiteout                       return whiteout information

Signature options:
  --addsign                        sign package(s) (identical to --resign)
  -K, --checksig                   verify package signature(s)
  --delsign                        delete package signatures
  --import                         import an armored public key
  --resign                         sign package(s) (identical to --addsign)
  --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
  --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)

Database options:
  --initdb                         initialize database
  --rebuilddb                      rebuild database inverted lists from installed package headers

Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
  --aid                            add suggested packages to transaction
  --allfiles                       install all files, even configurations which might otherwise be skipped
  --allmatches                     remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if <package> specified multiple packages)
  --badreloc                       relocate files in non-relocatable package
  -e, --erase=<package>+           erase (uninstall) package
  --excludedocs                    do not install documentation
  --excludepath=<path>             skip files with leading component <path>
  --fileconflicts                  detect file conflicts between packages
  --force                          short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
  -F, --freshen=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s) if already installed
  -h, --hash                       print hash marks as package installs (good with -v)
  --ignorearch                     don't verify package architecture
  --ignoreos                       don't verify package operating system
  --ignoresize                     don't check disk space before installing
  -i, --install                    install package(s)
  --justdb                         update the database, but do not modify the filesystem
  --nodeps                         do not verify package dependencies
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nomd5                          don't verify digest of files (obsolete)
  --nocontexts                     don't install file security contexts
  --noorder                        do not reorder package installation to satisfy dependencies
  --nosuggest                      do not suggest missing dependency resolution(s)
  --noscripts                      do not execute package scriptlet(s)
  --notriggers                     do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered by this package
  --oldpackage                     upgrade to an old version of the package (--force on upgrades does this automatically)
  --percent                        print percentages as package installs
  --prefix=<dir>                   relocate the package to <dir>, if relocatable
  --relocate=<old>=<new>           relocate files from path <old> to <new>
  --replacefiles                   ignore file conflicts between packages
  --replacepkgs                    reinstall if the package is already present
  --test                           don't install, but tell if it would work or not
  -U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s)

Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
  -D, --define='MACRO EXPR'        define MACRO with value EXPR
  -E, --eval='EXPR'                print macro expansion of EXPR
  --macros=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
  --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)
  --rcfile=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  -r, --root=ROOT                  use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/")
  --querytags                      display known query tags
  --showrc                         display final rpmrc and macro configuration
  --quiet                          provide less detailed output
  -v, --verbose                    provide more detailed output
  --version                        print the version of rpm being used

Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
  --scripts                        list install/erase scriptlets from package(s)
  --setperms                       set permissions of files in a package
  --setugids                       set user/group ownership of files in a package
  --conflicts                      list capabilities this package conflicts with
  --obsoletes                      list other packages removed by installing this package
  --provides                       list capabilities that this package provides
  --requires                       list capabilities required by package(s)
  --info                           list descriptive information from package(s)
  --changelog                      list change logs for this package
  --xml                            list metadata in xml
  --triggers                       list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
  --last                           list package(s) by install time, most recent first
  --dupes                          list duplicated packages
  --filesbypkg                     list all files from each package
  --fileclass                      list file names with classes
  --filecolor                      list file names with colors
  --fscontext                      list file names with security context from file system
  --fileprovide                    list file names with provides
  --filerequire                    list file names with requires
  --filecaps                       list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities

Help options:
  -?, --help                       Show this help message
  --usage                          Display brief usage message

2.yum,英文名称Yellow Dog Updater,Modified，可以在安装软件时自动下载该软件需要的其他rpm包并自动安装这些依赖包。

在centos下运行yum --help，可以得到如下信息：

已加载插件：fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Usage: yum [options] COMMAND

List of Commands:

check          Check for problems in the rpmdb
check-update   检查是否有软件包更新
clean          删除缓存的数据
deplist        列出软件包的依赖关系
distribution-synchronization Synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade      downgrade a package
erase          从系统中移除一个或多个软件包
groupinfo      显示组的详细信息
groupinstall   向系统中安装一组软件包
grouplist      列出可安装的组
groupremove    从系统中移除一组软件包
help           显示用法信息
history        Display, or use, the transaction history
info           显示关于软件包或组的详细信息
install        向系统中安装一个或多个软件包
list           列出一个或一组软件包
load-transaction load a saved transaction from filename
makecache      创建元数据缓存
provides       查找提供指定内容的软件包
reinstall      覆盖安装一个包
repolist       显示已配置的仓库
resolvedep     判断哪个包提供了指定的依赖
search         在软件包详细信息中搜索指定字符串
shell          运行交互式的 yum 外壳
update         更新系统中的一个或多个软件包
update-minimal Works like update, but goes to the 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system
updateinfo     Acts on repository update information
upgrade        更新软件包同时考虑软件包取代关系
version        Display a version for the machine and/or available repos.


Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -t, --tolerant        容忍错误
  -C, --cacheonly       run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
  -c [config file], --config=[config file]
                        配置文件路径
  -R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
                        命令最长等待时间
  -d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
                        调试输出级别
  --showduplicates      在 list/search 命令下，显示仓库里重复的条目。
  -e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
                        错误输出级别
  --rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
                        debugging output level for rpm
  -q, --quiet           安静的操作
  -v, --verbose         verbose operation
  -y, --assumeyes       回答所有的问题为是
  --assumeno            answer no for all questions
  --version             显示 Yum 版本信息并退出
  --installroot=[path]  设置目标根目录
  --enablerepo=[repo]   启用一个或多个仓库(支持通配符)
  --disablerepo=[repo]  禁用一个或多个仓库(支持通配符)
  -x [package], --exclude=[package]
                        用全名或通配符排除软件包
  --disableexcludes=[repo]
                        禁止从主配置，从仓库或者从任何位置排除
  --obsoletes           升级时考虑软件包取代关系
  --noplugins           禁用 Yum 插件
  --nogpgcheck          禁用 gpg 签名检测
  --disableplugin=[plugin]
                        禁用指定名称的插件
  --enableplugin=[plugin]
                        enable plugins by name
  --skip-broken         跳过有依赖问题的软件包
  --color=COLOR         配置是否使用颜色
  --releasever=RELEASEVER
                        set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
  --downloadonly        don't update, just download
  --downloaddir=DLDIR   specifies an alternate directory to store packages
  --setopt=SETOPTS      set arbitrary config and repo options

  插件选项:
    --security          Include security relevant packages
    --bugfixes          Include bugfix relevant packages
    --cve=CVE           Include packages needed to fix the given CVE
    --bz=BZ             Include packages needed to fix the given BZ
    --sec-severity=SEVERITY
                        Include security relevant packages, of this severity
    --advisory=ADVISORY
                        Include packages needed to fix the given advisory