linux内核学习之网络篇——网络物理层的设备初步

网卡是是网络中最基本的硬件之一。

在内核中，每个网络设备都一个一个net_device 结构体实例，在进行初始化完成之后，会将该结构注册到内核中。然能内核知道该结构的存在。

这会创建一个sysfs项，这，关联到该设备的对应目录中。该目录为

[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /sys/class/net
总计 0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 eth0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 lo
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 10-08 00:17 peth0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 sit0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 veth1
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 veth2
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 veth3
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 10-08 00:17 vif0.0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 vif0.1
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 vif0.2
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 10-08 00:17 vif0.3
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 10-08 00:17 xenbr0

可以看到 我虚拟机上的网络设备有以上的设备。eth0 是第一个网卡。其他的我也不知道干嘛的。

该设备不是全局的。因此也是在一个命名空间的。

所有网络设备都保存在一个单链表中。表头为dev_base.

按设备名散列。

按接口索引散列

下面我就不得不晓得linux中 最大的一个结构体数据结构。几百行代码

如下代码

/*
 *	The DEVICE structure.
 *	Actually, this whole structure is a big mistake.  It mixes I/O
 *	data with strictly "high-level" data, and it has to know about
 *	almost every data structure used in the INET module.
 *
 *	FIXME: cleanup struct net_device such that network protocol info
 *	moves out.
 */

struct net_device
{

	/*
	 * This is the first field of the "visible" part of this structure
	 * (i.e. as seen by users in the "Space.c" file).  It is the name
	 * the interface.
	 */
	char			name[IFNAMSIZ];

	/*
	 *	I/O specific fields
	 *	FIXME: Merge these and struct ifmap into one
	 */
	unsigned long		mem_end;	/* shared mem end	*/
	unsigned long		mem_start;	/* shared mem start	*/
	unsigned long		base_addr;	/* device I/O address	*/
	unsigned int		irq;		/* device IRQ number	*/

	/*
	 *	Some hardware also needs these fields, but they are not
	 *	part of the usual set specified in Space.c.
	 */

	unsigned char		if_port;	/* Selectable AUI, TP,..*/
	unsigned char		dma;		/* DMA channel		*/

	unsigned long		state;

	struct net_device	*next;
	
	/* The device initialization function. Called only once. */
	int			(*init)(struct net_device *dev);

	/* ------- Fields preinitialized in Space.c finish here ------- */

	struct net_device	*next_sched;

	/* Interface index. Unique device identifier	*/
	int			ifindex;
	int			iflink;


	struct net_device_stats* (*get_stats)(struct net_device *dev);
	struct iw_statistics*	(*get_wireless_stats)(struct net_device *dev);

	/* List of functions to handle Wireless Extensions (instead of ioctl).
	 * See <net/iw_handler.h> for details. Jean II */
	struct iw_handler_def *	wireless_handlers;

	struct ethtool_ops *ethtool_ops;

	/*
	 * This marks the end of the "visible" part of the structure. All
	 * fields hereafter are internal to the system, and may change at
	 * will (read: may be cleaned up at will).
	 */

	/* These may be needed for future network-power-down code. */
	unsigned long		trans_start;	/* Time (in jiffies) of last Tx	*/
	unsigned long		last_rx;	/* Time of last Rx	*/

	unsigned short		flags;	/* interface flags (a la BSD)	*/
	unsigned short		gflags;
        unsigned short          priv_flags; /* Like 'flags' but invisible to userspace. */
        unsigned short          unused_alignment_fixer; /* Because we need priv_flags,
                                                         * and we want to be 32-bit aligned.
                                                         */

	unsigned		mtu;	/* interface MTU value		*/
	unsigned short		type;	/* interface hardware type	*/
	unsigned short		hard_header_len;	/* hardware hdr length	*/
	void			*priv;	/* pointer to private data	*/

	struct net_device	*master; /* Pointer to master device of a group,
					  * which this device is member of.
					  */

	/* Interface address info. */
	unsigned char		broadcast[MAX_ADDR_LEN];	/* hw bcast add	*/
	unsigned char		dev_addr[MAX_ADDR_LEN];	/* hw address	*/
	unsigned char		addr_len;	/* hardware address length	*/

	struct dev_mc_list	*mc_list;	/* Multicast mac addresses	*/
	int			mc_count;	/* Number of installed mcasts	*/
	int			promiscuity;
	int			allmulti;

	int			watchdog_timeo;
	struct timer_list	watchdog_timer;

	/* Protocol specific pointers */
	
	void 			*atalk_ptr;	/* AppleTalk link 	*/
	void			*ip_ptr;	/* IPv4 specific data	*/  
	void                    *dn_ptr;        /* DECnet specific data */
	void                    *ip6_ptr;       /* IPv6 specific data */
	void			*ec_ptr;	/* Econet specific data	*/
	void			*ax25_ptr;	/* AX.25 specific data */

	struct list_head	poll_list;	/* Link to poll list	*/
	int			quota;
	int			weight;

	struct Qdisc		*qdisc;
	struct Qdisc		*qdisc_sleeping;
	struct Qdisc		*qdisc_list;
	struct Qdisc		*qdisc_ingress;
	unsigned long		tx_queue_len;	/* Max frames per queue allowed */

	/* hard_start_xmit synchronizer */
	spinlock_t		xmit_lock;
	/* cpu id of processor entered to hard_start_xmit or -1,
	   if nobody entered there.
	 */
	int			xmit_lock_owner;
	/* device queue lock */
	spinlock_t		queue_lock;
	/* Number of references to this device */
	atomic_t		refcnt;
	/* delayed register/unregister */
	struct list_head	todo_list;

	/* register/unregister state machine */
	enum { NETREG_UNINITIALIZED=0,
	       NETREG_REGISTERING,	/* called register_netdevice */
	       NETREG_REGISTERED,	/* completed register todo */
	       NETREG_UNREGISTERING,	/* called unregister_netdevice */
	       NETREG_UNREGISTERED,	/* completed unregister todo */
	       NETREG_RELEASED,		/* called free_netdev */
	} reg_state;

	/* Net device features */
	int			features;
#define NETIF_F_SG		1	/* Scatter/gather IO. */
#define NETIF_F_IP_CSUM		2	/* Can checksum only TCP/UDP over IPv4. */
#define NETIF_F_NO_CSUM		4	/* Does not require checksum. F.e. loopack. */
#define NETIF_F_HW_CSUM		8	/* Can checksum all the packets. */
#define NETIF_F_HIGHDMA		32	/* Can DMA to high memory. */
#define NETIF_F_FRAGLIST	64	/* Scatter/gather IO. */
#define NETIF_F_HW_VLAN_TX	128	/* Transmit VLAN hw acceleration */
#define NETIF_F_HW_VLAN_RX	256	/* Receive VLAN hw acceleration */
#define NETIF_F_HW_VLAN_FILTER	512	/* Receive filtering on VLAN */
#define NETIF_F_VLAN_CHALLENGED	1024	/* Device cannot handle VLAN packets */
#define NETIF_F_TSO		2048	/* Can offload TCP/IP segmentation */

	/* Called after device is detached from network. */
	void			(*uninit)(struct net_device *dev);
	/* Called after last user reference disappears. */
	void			(*destructor)(struct net_device *dev);

	/* Pointers to interface service routines.	*/
	int			(*open)(struct net_device *dev);
	int			(*stop)(struct net_device *dev);
	int			(*hard_start_xmit) (struct sk_buff *skb,
						    struct net_device *dev);
#define HAVE_NETDEV_POLL
	int			(*poll) (struct net_device *dev, int *quota);
	int			(*hard_header) (struct sk_buff *skb,
						struct net_device *dev,
						unsigned short type,
						void *daddr,
						void *saddr,
						unsigned len);
	int			(*rebuild_header)(struct sk_buff *skb);
#define HAVE_MULTICAST			 
	void			(*set_multicast_list)(struct net_device *dev);
#define HAVE_SET_MAC_ADDR  		 
	int			(*set_mac_address)(struct net_device *dev,
						   void *addr);
#define HAVE_PRIVATE_IOCTL
	int			(*do_ioctl)(struct net_device *dev,
					    struct ifreq *ifr, int cmd);
#define HAVE_SET_CONFIG
	int			(*set_config)(struct net_device *dev,
					      struct ifmap *map);
#define HAVE_HEADER_CACHE
	int			(*hard_header_cache)(struct neighbour *neigh,
						     struct hh_cache *hh);
	void			(*header_cache_update)(struct hh_cache *hh,
						       struct net_device *dev,
						       unsigned char *  haddr);
#define HAVE_CHANGE_MTU
	int			(*change_mtu)(struct net_device *dev, int new_mtu);

#define HAVE_TX_TIMEOUT
	void			(*tx_timeout) (struct net_device *dev);

	void			(*vlan_rx_register)(struct net_device *dev,
						    struct vlan_group *grp);
	void			(*vlan_rx_add_vid)(struct net_device *dev,
						   unsigned short vid);
	void			(*vlan_rx_kill_vid)(struct net_device *dev,
						    unsigned short vid);

	int			(*hard_header_parse)(struct sk_buff *skb,
						     unsigned char *haddr);
	int			(*neigh_setup)(struct net_device *dev, struct neigh_parms *);
	int			(*accept_fastpath)(struct net_device *, struct dst_entry*);

	/* bridge stuff */
	struct net_bridge_port	*br_port;

#ifdef CONFIG_NET_FASTROUTE
#define NETDEV_FASTROUTE_HMASK 0xF
	/* Semi-private data. Keep it at the end of device struct. */
	rwlock_t		fastpath_lock;
	struct dst_entry	*fastpath[NETDEV_FASTROUTE_HMASK+1];
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NET_DIVERT
	/* this will get initialized at each interface type init routine */
	struct divert_blk	*divert;
#endif /* CONFIG_NET_DIVERT */

	/* class/net/name entry */
	struct class_device	class_dev;
	struct net_device_stats* (*last_stats)(struct net_device *);
};

每个网络设备都有个结构体，然后按照链表的形式。每个字段都有相应的注释，就不详细介绍。

注意一点就是这里定义了mtu，也就是一个传输帧的最大长度。因此，网络层必须遵守改最大值。进行拆分数据包。type定义了设备的常数。dev_addr,表示硬件地址。

下面在展示一个结构体

struct packet_type {
	unsigned short		type;	/* This is really htons(ether_type).	*/
	struct net_device		*dev;	/* NULL is wildcarded here		*/
	int			(*func) (struct sk_buff *, struct net_device *,
					 struct packet_type *);
	void			*af_packet_priv;
	struct list_head	list;
};

此结构将之前介绍的struct sk_buff 和struct net_device关联起来。进行处理。

有大量的函数

extern void		dev_add_pack(struct packet_type *pt);
extern void		dev_remove_pack(struct packet_type *pt);
extern void		__dev_remove_pack(struct packet_type *pt);

具体的函数作用要细细的分析，在这里，就不做详细分析，需要看代码一点点分析。

只给大家展示一下将网络设备注册到内核的一个核心方法

/**
 *	register_netdevice	- register a network device
 *	@dev: device to register
 *
 *	Take a completed network device structure and add it to the kernel
 *	interfaces. A %NETDEV_REGISTER message is sent to the netdev notifier
 *	chain. 0 is returned on success. A negative errno code is returned
 *	on a failure to set up the device, or if the name is a duplicate.
 *
 *	Callers must hold the rtnl semaphore.  See the comment at the
 *	end of Space.c for details about the locking.  You may want
 *	register_netdev() instead of this.
 *
 *	BUGS:
 *	The locking appears insufficient to guarantee two parallel registers
 *	will not get the same name.
 */

int register_netdevice(struct net_device *dev)
{
	struct net_device *d, **dp;
	int ret;

	BUG_ON(dev_boot_phase);
	ASSERT_RTNL();

	/* When net_device's are persistent, this will be fatal. */
	BUG_ON(dev->reg_state != NETREG_UNINITIALIZED);

	spin_lock_init(&dev->queue_lock);
///队列锁	spin_lock_init(&dev->xmit_lock);
	dev->xmit_lock_owner = -1;
#ifdef CONFIG_NET_FASTROUTE
	dev->fastpath_lock = RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
#endif

	ret = alloc_divert_blk(dev);
	if (ret)
		goto out;

	dev->iflink = -1;

	/* Init, if this function is available */
	if (dev->init) {
		ret = dev->init(dev);
		if (ret) {
			if (ret > 0)
				ret = -EIO;
			goto out_err;
		}
	}

	dev->ifindex = dev_new_index();
	if (dev->iflink == -1)
		dev->iflink = dev->ifindex;

	/* Check for existence, and append to tail of chain */
	ret = -EEXIST;
	for (dp = &dev_base; (d = *dp) != NULL; dp = &d->next) {
		if (d == dev || !strcmp(d->name, dev->name))
			goto out_err;
	}
	
	/* Fix illegal SG+CSUM combinations. */
	if ((dev->features & NETIF_F_SG) &&
	    !(dev->features & (NETIF_F_IP_CSUM |
			       NETIF_F_NO_CSUM |
			       NETIF_F_HW_CSUM))) {
		printk("%s: Dropping NETIF_F_SG since no checksum feature.\n",
		       dev->name);
		dev->features &= ~NETIF_F_SG;
	}

	/*
	 *	nil rebuild_header routine,
	 *	that should be never called and used as just bug trap.
	 */

	if (!dev->rebuild_header)
		dev->rebuild_header = default_rebuild_header;

	/*
	 *	Default initial state at registry is that the
	 *	device is present.
	 */

	set_bit(__LINK_STATE_PRESENT, &dev->state);

	dev->next = NULL;
	dev_init_scheduler(dev);
	write_lock_bh(&dev_base_lock);
	*dp = dev;
	dev_hold(dev);
	dev->reg_state = NETREG_REGISTERING;
	write_unlock_bh(&dev_base_lock);

	/* Notify protocols, that a new device appeared. */
	notifier_call_chain(&netdev_chain, NETDEV_REGISTER, dev);

	/* Finish registration after unlock */
	net_set_todo(dev);
	ret = 0;

out:
	return ret;
out_err:
	free_divert_blk(dev);
	goto out;
}

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