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最新推荐文章于 2024-02-02 18:02:33 发布

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Neural Network

Note: Functions taking Tensor arguments can also take anythingaccepted by tf.convert_to_tensor.

Contents

Neural Network

Activation Functions

The activation ops provide different types ofnonlinearities for use in neural networks. These include smooth nonlinearities(sigmoid, tanh, and softplus), continuous but not everywheredifferentiable functions (relu, relu6, and relu_x), and random regularization (dropout).

All activation ops apply componentwise,and produce a tensor of the same shape as the input tensor.

tf.nn.relu(features,name=None)

Computes rectified linear: max(features, 0).

Args:

features: A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int32, int64, uint8, int16, int8.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor. Has the sametype as features.

tf.nn.relu6(features,name=None)

Computes Rectified Linear 6: min(max(features, 0), 6).

Args:

features: A Tensor with type float, double, int32, int64, uint8, int16, or int8.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor with thesame type as features.

tf.nn.softplus(features,name=None)

Computes softplus: log(exp(features) + 1).

Args:

features: A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int32, int64, uint8, int16, int8.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor. Has the sametype as features.

tf.nn.dropout(x,keep_prob, noise_shape=None, seed=None, name=None)

Computes dropout.

With probability keep_prob, outputs the input element scaled upby 1 / keep_prob, otherwiseoutputs 0. The scaling isso that the expected sum is unchanged.

By default, each element is kept or droppedindependently. If noise_shape is specified, it must be broadcastable to the shape of x, and only dimensions with noise_shape[i] == shape(x)[i] will makeindependent decisions. For example, if shape(x) = [k, l, m, n] and noise_shape = [k, 1, 1, n], each batch andchannel component will be kept independently and each row and column will bekept or not kept together.

Args:

x: A tensor.
keep_prob: A Python float. The probability that each element is kept.
noise_shape: A 1-D Tensor of type int32, representing the shape for randomly generated keep/drop flags.
seed: A Python integer. Used to create random seeds. See set_random_seed for behavior.
name: A name for this operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor of the same shape of x.

Raises:

ValueError: If keep_prob is not in (0, 1].

tf.nn.bias_add(value,bias, name=None)

Adds bias to value.

This is (mostly) a special case of tf.add where bias is restricted to 1-D. Broadcastingis supported, so value may haveany number of dimensions. Unlike tf.add, the type of bias is allowed to differ from value in the case where both types arequantized.

Args:

value: A Tensor with type float, double, int64, int32, uint8, int16, int8, or complex64.
bias: A 1-D Tensor with size matching the last dimension of value. Must be the same type as value unless value is a quantized type, in which case a different quantized type may be used.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor with thesame type as value.

tf.sigmoid(x,name=None)

Computes sigmoid of x element-wise.

Specifically, y = 1 / (1 + exp(-x)).

Args:

x: A Tensor with type float, double, int32, complex64, int64, or qint32.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor with the same type as x if x.dtype != qint32 otherwise the return type is quint8.

tf.tanh(x,name=None)

Computes hyperbolic tangent of x element-wise.

Args:

x: A Tensor with type float, double, int32, complex64, int64, or qint32.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor with the same type as x if x.dtype != qint32 otherwise the return type is quint8.

Convolution

The convolution ops sweep a 2-D filterover a batch of images, applying the filter to each window of each image of theappropriate size. The different ops trade off between generic vs. specificfilters:

conv2d: Arbitrary filters that can mix channels together.
depthwise_conv2d: Filters that operate on each channel independently.
separable_conv2d: A depthwise spatial filter followed by a pointwise filter.

Note that although these ops are called"convolution", they are strictly speaking"cross-correlation" since the filter is combined with an input windowwithout reversing the filter. For details, see the properties of cross-correlation.

The filter is applied to image patches of the same sizeas the filter and strided according to the strides argument. strides = [1, 1, 1, 1] appliesthe filter to a patch at every offset, strides = [1, 2, 2, 1] appliesthe filter to every other image patch in each dimension, etc.

Ignoring channels for the moment, the spatial semanticsof the convolution ops are as follows. If the 4-D input has shape[batch, in_height, in_width, ...] and the4-D filter hasshape [filter_height,filter_width, ...], then

shape(output)= [batch,

(in_height - filter_height +1) / strides[1],

(in_width - filter_width + 1)/ strides[2],

...]

output[b,i, j, :] =

sum_{di, dj} input[b, strides[1] * i + di,strides[2] * j + dj, ...] *

filter[di, dj, ...]

Since input is 4-D,each input[b, i, j,:] is avector. For conv2d, these vectorsare multiplied by the filter[di, dj, :, :] matrices to produce new vectors. For depthwise_conv_2d, each scalarcomponent input[b,i, j, k] ismultiplied by a vector filter[di, dj, k], and all the vectors are concatenated.

In the formula for shape(output), the rounding direction depends onpadding:

padding = 'SAME': Round down (only full size windows are considered).
padding = 'VALID': Round up (partial windows are included).

tf.nn.conv2d(input,filter, strides, padding, use_cudnn_on_gpu=None, name=None)

Computes a 2-D convolution given 4-D input and filter tensors.

Given an input tensor of shape [batch, in_height, in_width,in_channels] and afilter / kernel tensor of shape[filter_height, filter_width, in_channels, out_channels], this opperforms the following:

Flattens the filter to a 2-D matrix with shape [filter_height * filter_width * in_channels, output_channels].
Extracts image patches from the the input tensor to form a virtual tensor of shape [batch, out_height, out_width, filter_height * filter_width * in_channels].
For each patch, right-multiplies the filter matrix and the image patch vector.

In detail,

output[b,i, j, k] =

sum_{di, dj, q} input[b, strides[1] * i +di, strides[2] * j + dj, q] *

filter[di, dj, q, k]

Must have strides[0] = strides[3] = 1. For the most common case of the samehorizontal and vertices strides, strides = [1, stride, stride, 1].

Args:

input: A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64.
filter: A Tensor. Must have the same type as input.
strides: A list of ints. 1-D of length 4. The stride of the sliding window for each dimension of input.
padding: A string from: "SAME", "VALID". The type of padding algorithm to use.
use_cudnn_on_gpu: An optional bool. Defaults to True.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor. Has the sametype as input.

tf.nn.depthwise_conv2d(input,filter, strides, padding, name=None)

Depthwise 2-D convolution.

Given an input tensor of shape [batch, in_height, in_width,in_channels] and afilter tensor of shape [filter_height, filter_width, in_channels, channel_multiplier] containing in_channels convolutional filters of depth1, depthwise_conv2dapplies adifferent filter to each input channel (expanding from 1 channel to channel_multiplier channelsfor each), then concatenates the results together. The output has in_channels * channel_multiplier channels.

In detail,

output[b,i, j, k * channel_multiplier + q] =

sum_{di, dj} input[b, strides[1] * i + di,strides[2] * j + dj, k] *

filter[di, dj, k, q]

Must have strides[0] = strides[3] = 1. For the most common case of the samehorizontal and vertical strides, strides = [1, stride, stride, 1].

Args:

input: 4-D with shape [batch, in_height, in_width, in_channels].
filter: 4-D with shape [filter_height, filter_width, in_channels, channel_multiplier].
strides: 1-D of size 4. The stride of the sliding window for each dimension of input.
padding: A string, either 'VALID' or 'SAME'. The padding algorithm.
name: A name for this operation (optional).

Returns:

A 4-D Tensor ofshape [batch, out_height,out_width, in_channels * channel_multiplier].

tf.nn.separable_conv2d(input,depthwise_filter, pointwise_filter, strides, padding, name=None)

2-D convolution with separable filters.

Performs a depthwise convolution that acts separately onchannels followed by a pointwise convolution that mixes channels. Note thatthis is separability between dimensions [1, 2] and 3, not spatial separability between dimensions 1 and 2.

In detail,

output[b,i, j, k] = sum_{di, dj, q, r]

input[b, strides[1] * i + di, strides[2] *j + dj, q] *

depthwise_filter[di, dj, q, r] *

pointwise_filter[0, 0, q *channel_multiplier + r, k]

strides controlsthe strides for the depthwise convolution only, since the pointwise convolutionhas implicit strides of [1, 1, 1, 1]. Must have strides[0] = strides[3] = 1. For the most common case of the same horizontal andvertical strides,strides= [1, stride, stride, 1].

Args:

input: 4-D Tensor with shape [batch, in_height, in_width, in_channels].
depthwise_filter: 4-D Tensor with shape [filter_height, filter_width, in_channels, channel_multiplier]. Containsin_channels convolutional filters of depth 1.
pointwise_filter: 4-D Tensor with shape [1, 1, channel_multiplier * in_channels, out_channels]. Pointwise filter to mix channels after depthwise_filter has convolved spatially.
strides: 1-D of size 4. The strides for the depthwise convolution for each dimension of input.
padding: A string, either 'VALID' or 'SAME'. The padding algorithm.
name: A name for this operation (optional).

Returns:

A 4-D Tensor ofshape [batch,out_height, out_width, out_channels].

Pooling

The pooling ops sweep a rectangular window over the inputtensor, computing a reduction operation for each window (average, max, or maxwith argmax). Each pooling op uses rectangular windows of size ksize separated by offset strides. For example, if strides is all ones every window is used,if strides is alltwos every other window is used in each dimension, etc.

In detail, the output is

output[i]= reduce(value[strides * i:strides * i + ksize])

for each tuple of indices i. The output shape is

shape(output)= (shape(value) - ksize + 1) / strides

where the rounding direction depends onpadding:

padding = 'SAME': Round down (only full size windows are considered).
padding = 'VALID': Round up (partial windows are included).

tf.nn.avg_pool(value,ksize, strides, padding, name=None)

Performs the average pooling on theinput.

Each entry in output is the mean of the correspondingsize ksize windowin value.

Args:

value: A 4-D Tensor of shape [batch, height, width, channels] and type float32, float64, qint8, quint8, orqint32.
ksize: A list of ints that has length >= 4. The size of the window for each dimension of the input tensor.
strides: A list of ints that has length >= 4. The stride of the sliding window for each dimension of the input tensor.
padding: A string, either 'VALID' or 'SAME'. The padding algorithm.
name: Optional name for the operation.

Returns:

A Tensor with thesame type as value. The averagepooled output tensor.

tf.nn.max_pool(value,ksize, strides, padding, name=None)

Performs the max pooling on the input.

Args:

value: A 4-D Tensor with shape [batch, height, width, channels] and type float32, float64, qint8, quint8,qint32.
ksize: A list of ints that has length >= 4. The size of the window for each dimension of the input tensor.
strides: A list of ints that has length >= 4. The stride of the sliding window for each dimension of the input tensor.
padding: A string, either 'VALID' or 'SAME'. The padding algorithm.
name: Optional name for the operation.

Returns:

A Tensor with thesame type as value. The max pooledoutput tensor.

tf.nn.max_pool_with_argmax(input,ksize, strides, padding, Targmax=None, name=None)

Performs max pooling on the input andoutputs both max values and indices.

The indices in argmax are flattened, so that a maximumvalue at position [b, y, x, c] becomes flattened index ((b * height + y) * width + x) * channels +c.

Args:

input: A Tensor of type float32. 4-D with shape [batch, height, width, channels]. Input to pool over.
ksize: A list of ints that has length >= 4. The size of the window for each dimension of the input tensor.
strides: A list of ints that has length >= 4. The stride of the sliding window for each dimension of the input tensor.
padding: A string from: "SAME", "VALID". The type of padding algorithm to use.
Targmax: An optional tf.DType from: tf.int32, tf.int64. Defaults to tf.int64.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A tuple of Tensor objects (output, argmax).

output: A Tensor of type float32. The max pooled output tensor.
argmax: A Tensor of type Targmax. 4-D. The flattened indices of the max values chosen for each output.

Normalization

Normalization is useful to preventneurons from saturating when inputs may have varying scale, and to aidgeneralization.

tf.nn.l2_normalize(x,dim, epsilon=1e-12, name=None)

Normalizes along dimension dim using an L2 norm.

For a 1-D tensor with dim = 0, computes

output = x/ sqrt(max(sum(x**2), epsilon))

For x with moredimensions, independently normalizes each 1-D slice along dimension dim.

Args:

x: A Tensor.
dim: Dimension along which to normalize.
epsilon: A lower bound value for the norm. Will use sqrt(epsilon) as the divisor if norm < sqrt(epsilon).
name: A name for this operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor with thesame shape as x.

tf.nn.local_response_normalization(input,depth_radius=None, bias=None, alpha=None, beta=None, name=None)

Local Response Normalization.

The 4-D input tensor is treated as a 3-D array of 1-D vectors (alongthe last dimension), and each vector is normalized independently. Within agiven vector, each component is divided by the weighted, squared sum of inputswithindepth_radius. In detail,

sqr_sum[a,b, c, d] =

sum(input[a, b, c, d - depth_radius : d +depth_radius + 1] ** 2)

output =input / (bias + alpha * sqr_sum ** beta)

For details, see [Krizhevsky et al.,ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks (NIPS 2012)] (http://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks).

Args:

input: A Tensor of type float32. 4-D.
depth_radius: An optional int. Defaults to 5. 0-D. Half-width of the 1-D normalization window.
bias: An optional float. Defaults to 1. An offset (usually positive to avoid dividing by 0).
alpha: An optional float. Defaults to 1. A scale factor, usually positive.
beta: An optional float. Defaults to 0.5. An exponent.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor oftype float32.

tf.nn.moments(x,axes, name=None)

Calculate the mean and variance of x.

The mean and variance are calculated by aggregating thecontents of x across axes. If x is 1-D and axes = [0] this is just the mean and varianceof a vector.

For so-called "global normalization" needed forconvolutional filters pass axes=[0, 1, 2] (batch, height, width). For batch normalization pass axes=[0] (batch).

Args:

x: A Tensor.
axes: array of ints. Axes along which to compute mean and variance.
name: Name used to scope the operations that compute the moments.

Returns:

Two Tensors: mean and variance.

Losses

The loss ops measure error between twotensors, or between a tensor and zero. These can be used for measuring accuracyof a network in a regression task or for regularization purposes (weightdecay).

tf.nn.l2_loss(t,name=None)

L2 Loss.

Computes half the L2 norm of a tensor without the sqrt:

output =sum(t ** 2) / 2

Args:

t: A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int64, int32, uint8, int16, int8,complex64, qint8, quint8, qint32. Typically 2-D, but may have any dimensions.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor. Has the sametype as t. 0-D.

Classification

TensorFlow provides several operationsthat help you perform classification.

tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits,targets, name=None)

Computes sigmoid cross entropy given logits.

Measures the probability error indiscrete classification tasks in which each class is independent and notmutually exclusive. For instance, one could perform multilabel classificationwhere a picture can contain both an elephant and a dog at the same time.

For brevity, let x = logits, z = targets. The logistic loss is

x - x * z+ log(1 + exp(-x))

To ensure stability and avoid overflow,the implementation uses

max(x, 0)- x * z + log(1 + exp(-abs(x)))

logits and targets must have the same type and shape.

Args:

logits: A Tensor of type float32 or float64.
targets: A Tensor of the same type and shape as logits.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor of thesame shape as logits with thecomponentwise logistic losses.

tf.nn.softmax(logits,name=None)

Computes softmax activations.

For each batch i and class j we have

softmax[i,j] = exp(logits[i, j]) / sum(exp(logits[i]))

Args:

logits: A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64. 2-D with shape [batch_size, num_classes].
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor. Has the sametype as logits. Same shapeas logits.

tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits,labels, name=None)

Computes softmax cross entropy between logits and labels.

Measures the probability error indiscrete classification tasks in which the classes are mutually exclusive (eachentry is in exactly one class). For example, each CIFAR-10 image is labeledwith one and only one label: an image can be a dog or a truck, but not both.

WARNING: This op expects unscaled logits, since it performsa softmax on logits internally for efficiency. Do notcall this op with the output of softmax, as it will produce incorrect results.

logits and labels must have the same shape [batch_size, num_classes] and thesame dtype (either float32 orfloat64).

Args:

logits: Unscaled log probabilities.
labels: Each row labels[i] must be a valid probability distribution.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A 1-D Tensor oflength batch_size of thesame type as logits with thesoftmax cross entropy loss.

Embeddings

TensorFlow provides library support forlooking up values in embedding tensors.

tf.nn.embedding_lookup(params,ids, name=None)

Looks up ids in a list of embedding tensors.

This function is used to perform parallel lookups on thelist of tensors in params. It is ageneralization of tf.gather(), whereparams is interpreted as a partition of a larger embeddingtensor.

If len(params) > 1, each element id of ids is partitioned between the elements of params by computing p = id % len(params), and is thenused to look up the slice params[p][id // len(params), ...].

The results of the lookup are then concatenated into adense tensor. The returned tensor has shape shape(ids) + shape(params)[1:].

Args:

params: A list of tensors with the same shape and type.
ids: A Tensor with type int32 containing the ids to be looked up in params.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor with thesame type as the tensors in params.

Raises:

ValueError: If params is empty.

Evaluation

The evaluation ops are useful formeasuring the performance of a network. Since they are nondifferentiable, theyare typically used at evaluation time.

tf.nn.top_k(input,k, name=None)

Returns the values and indices of the klargest elements for each row.

$values_{i, j}$ represents the j-thlargest element in $input_i$.

$indices_{i, j}$ gives the columnindex of the corresponding element, such that $input_{i, indices_{i, j}} =values_{i, j}$. If two elements are equal, the lower-index element appearsfirst.

Args:

input: A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int32, int64, uint8, int16, int8. A batch_size x classes tensor
k: An int that is >= 1. Number of top elements to look for within each row
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A tuple of Tensor objects (values, indices).

values: A Tensor. Has the same type as input. A batch_size x k tensor with the k largest elements for each row, sorted in descending order
indices: A Tensor of type int32. A batch_size x k tensor with the index of each value within each row

tf.nn.in_top_k(predictions,targets, k, name=None)

Says whether the targets are in the topK predictions.

This outputs a batch_size bool array, anentry out[i] is true if the prediction for the target class is among the top kpredictions among all predictions for example i. Note that the behavior ofInTopK differs from the TopK op in its handling of ties; if multiple classeshave the same prediction value and straddle the top-k boundary, all of thoseclasses are considered to be in the top k.

More formally, let

$predictions_i$ be the predictions forall classes for example i, $targets_i$ be the target class for example i,$out_i$ be the output for example i,

$$out_i = predictions_{i, targets_i} \inTopKIncludingTies(predictions_i)$$

Args:

predictions: A Tensor of type float32. A batch_size x classes tensor
targets: A Tensor of type int32. A batch_size vector of class ids
k: An int. Number of top elements to look at for computing precision
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A Tensor oftype bool. ComputedPrecision at k as a bool Tensor

Candidate Sampling

Do you want to train a multiclass or multilabelmodel with thousands or millions of output classes (for example, a languagemodel with a large vocabulary)? Training with a full Softmax is slow in thiscase, since all of the classes are evaluated for every training example.Candidate Sampling training algorithms can speed up your step times by onlyconsidering a small randomly-chosen subset of contrastive classes (calledcandidates) for each batch of training examples.

See our [Candidate Sampling AlgorithmsReference] (../../extras/candidate_sampling.pdf)

Sampled Loss Functions

TensorFlow provides the followingsampled loss functions for faster training.

tf.nn.nce_loss(weights,biases, inputs, labels, num_sampled, num_classes, num_true=1,sampled_values=None, remove_accidental_hits=False, name='nce_loss')

Computes and returns thenoise-contrastive estimation training loss.

See [Noise-contrastive estimation: A newestimation principle for unnormalized statistical models] (http://www.jmlr.org/proceedings/papers/v9/gutmann10a/gutmann10a.pdf).Also see our [Candidate Sampling Algorithms Reference] (http://www.tensorflow.org/extras/candidate_sampling.pdf)

Note: In the case where num_true > 1,we assign to each target class the target probability 1 / num_true so that thetarget probabilities sum to 1 per-example.

Note: It would be useful to allow avariable number of target classes per example. We hope to provide thisfunctionality in a future release. For now, if you have a variable number oftarget classes, you can pad them out to a constant number by either repeatingthem or by padding with an otherwise unused class.

Args:

weights: A Tensor of shape [num_classes, dim]. The class embeddings.
biases: A Tensor of shape [num_classes]. The class biases.
inputs: A Tensor of shape [batch_size, dim]. The forward activations of the input network.
labels: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [batch_size, num_true]. The target classes.
num_sampled: An int. The number of classes to randomly sample per batch.
num_classes: An int. The number of possible classes.
num_true: An int. The number of target classes per training example.
sampled_values: a tuple of (sampled_candidates, true_expected_count, sampled_expected_count) returned by a *_candidate_sampler function. (if None, we default to LogUniformCandidateSampler)
remove_accidental_hits: A bool. Whether to remove "accidental hits" where a sampled class equals one of the target classes. If set to True, this is a "Sampled Logistic" loss instead of NCE, and we are learning to generate log-odds instead of log probabilities. See our [Candidate Sampling Algorithms Reference] (http://www.tensorflow.org/extras/candidate_sampling.pdf). Default is False.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A batch_size 1-D tensor of per-exampleNCE losses.

tf.nn.sampled_softmax_loss(weights,biases, inputs, labels, num_sampled, num_classes, num_true=1,sampled_values=None, remove_accidental_hits=True, name='sampled_softmax_loss')

Computes and returns the sampled softmaxtraining loss.

This is a faster way to train a softmaxclassifier over a huge number of classes.

This operation is for training only. Itis generally an underestimate of the full softmax loss.

At inference time, you can compute full softmaxprobabilities with the expression tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(inputs, weights) +biases).

See our [Candidate Sampling AlgorithmsReference] (http://www.tensorflow.org/extras/candidate_sampling.pdf)

Also see Section 3 of http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2007 forthe math.

Args:

weights: A Tensor of shape [num_classes, dim]. The class embeddings.
biases: A Tensor of shape [num_classes]. The class biases.
inputs: A Tensor of shape [batch_size, dim]. The forward activations of the input network.
labels: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [batch_size, num_true]. The target classes. Note that this format differs from the labels argument of nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits.
num_sampled: An int. The number of classes to randomly sample per batch.
num_classes: An int. The number of possible classes.
num_true: An int. The number of target classes per training example.
sampled_values: a tuple of (sampled_candidates, true_expected_count, sampled_expected_count) returned by a *_candidate_sampler function. (if None, we default to LogUniformCandidateSampler)
remove_accidental_hits: A bool. whether to remove "accidental hits" where a sampled class equals one of the target classes. Default is True.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

A batch_size 1-D tensor of per-examplesampled softmax losses.

Candidate Samplers

TensorFlow provides the followingsamplers for randomly sampling candidate classes when using one of the sampledloss functions above.

tf.nn.uniform_candidate_sampler(true_classes,num_true, num_sampled, unique, range_max, seed=None, name=None)

Samples a set of classes using a uniformbase distribution.

This operation randomly samples a tensor of sampledclasses (sampled_candidates) from the rangeof integers [0,range_max].

The elements of sampled_candidates are drawn without replacement(if unique=True) or withreplacement (if unique=False) from the base distribution.

The base distribution for this operation is the uniformdistribution over the range of integers [0, range_max].

In addition, this operation returns tensors true_expected_count and sampled_expected_count representingthe number of times each of the target classes (true_classes) and the sampled classes (sampled_candidates) is expected tooccur in an average tensor of sampled classes. These values correspond to Q(y|x) defined in this document. If unique=True, then these are post-rejectionprobabilities and we compute them approximately.

Args:

true_classes: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [batch_size, num_true]. The target classes.
num_true: An int. The number of target classes per training example.
num_sampled: An int. The number of classes to randomly sample per batch.
unique: A bool. Determines whether all sampled classes in a batch are unique.
range_max: An int. The number of possible classes.
seed: An int. An operation-specific seed. Default is 0.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

sampled_candidates: A tensor of type int64 and shape [num_sampled]. The sampled classes.
true_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as true_classes. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of true_classes.
sampled_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as sampled_candidates. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of sampled_candidates.

tf.nn.log_uniform_candidate_sampler(true_classes,num_true, num_sampled, unique, range_max, seed=None, name=None)

Samples a set of classes using alog-uniform (Zipfian) base distribution.

This operation randomly samples a tensor of sampledclasses (sampled_candidates) from the rangeof integers [0,range_max].

The elements of sampled_candidates are drawn without replacement(if unique=True) or withreplacement (if unique=False) from the base distribution.

The base distribution for this operationis an approximately log-uniform or Zipfian distribution:

P(class) = (log(class + 2) - log(class + 1)) / log(range_max + 1)

This sampler is useful when the targetclasses approximately follow such a distribution - for example, if the classesrepresent words in a lexicon sorted in decreasing order of frequency. If yourclasses are not ordered by decreasing frequency, do not use this op.

Args:

true_classes: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [batch_size, num_true]. The target classes.
num_true: An int. The number of target classes per training example.
num_sampled: An int. The number of classes to randomly sample per batch.
unique: A bool. Determines whether all sampled classes in a batch are unique.
range_max: An int. The number of possible classes.
seed: An int. An operation-specific seed. Default is 0.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

sampled_candidates: A tensor of type int64 and shape [num_sampled]. The sampled classes.
true_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as true_classes. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of true_classes.
sampled_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as sampled_candidates. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of sampled_candidates.

tf.nn.learned_unigram_candidate_sampler(true_classes,num_true, num_sampled, unique, range_max, seed=None, name=None)

Samples a set of classes from adistribution learned during training.

This operation randomly samples a tensor of sampledclasses (sampled_candidates) from the rangeof integers [0,range_max].

The elements of sampled_candidates are drawn without replacement(if unique=True) or withreplacement (if unique=False) from the base distribution.

The base distribution for this operation is constructedon the fly during training. It is a unigram distribution over the targetclasses seen so far during training. Every integer in [0, range_max] begins with a weight of 1, and isincremented by 1 each time it is seen as a target class. The base distributionis not saved to checkpoints, so it is reset when the model is reloaded.

Args:

true_classes: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [batch_size, num_true]. The target classes.
num_true: An int. The number of target classes per training example.
num_sampled: An int. The number of classes to randomly sample per batch.
unique: A bool. Determines whether all sampled classes in a batch are unique.
range_max: An int. The number of possible classes.
seed: An int. An operation-specific seed. Default is 0.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

sampled_candidates: A tensor of type int64 and shape [num_sampled]. The sampled classes.
true_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as true_classes. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of true_classes.
sampled_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as sampled_candidates. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of sampled_candidates.

tf.nn.fixed_unigram_candidate_sampler(true_classes,num_true, num_sampled, unique, range_max, vocab_file='', distortion=0.0,num_reserved_ids=0, num_shards=1, shard=0, unigrams=[], seed=None, name=None)

Samples a set of classes using theprovided (fixed) base distribution.

This operation randomly samples a tensor of sampledclasses (sampled_candidates) from the rangeof integers [0,range_max].

The elements of sampled_candidates are drawn without replacement(if unique=True) or withreplacement (if unique=False) from the base distribution.

The base distribution is read from afile or passed in as an in-memory array. There is also an option to skew thedistribution by applying a distortion power to the weights.

Args:

true_classes: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [batch_size, num_true]. The target classes.
num_true: An int. The number of target classes per training example.
num_sampled: An int. The number of classes to randomly sample per batch.
unique: A bool. Determines whether all sampled classes in a batch are unique.
range_max: An int. The number of possible classes.
vocab_file: Each valid line in this file (which should have a CSV-like format) corresponds to a valid word ID. IDs are in sequential order, starting from num_reserved_ids. The last entry in each line is expected to be a value corresponding to the count or relative probability. Exactly one of vocab_file and unigrams needs to be passed to this operation.
distortion: The distortion is used to skew the unigram probability distribution. Each weight is first raised to the distortion's power before adding to the internal unigram distribution. As a result, distortion = 1.0 gives regular unigram sampling (as defined by the vocab file), and distortion = 0.0 gives a uniform distribution.
num_reserved_ids: Optionally some reserved IDs can be added in the range [0, num_reserved_ids] by the users. One use case is that a special unknown word token is used as ID 0. These IDs will have a sampling probability of 0.
num_shards: A sampler can be used to sample from a subset of the original range in order to speed up the whole computation through parallelism. This parameter (together with shard) indicates the number of partitions that are being used in the overall computation.
shard: A sampler can be used to sample from a subset of the original range in order to speed up the whole computation through parallelism. This parameter (together with num_shards) indicates the particular partition number of the operation, when partitioning is being used.
unigrams: A list of unigram counts or probabilities, one per ID in sequential order. Exactly one of vocab_file andunigrams should be passed to this operation.
seed: An int. An operation-specific seed. Default is 0.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

sampled_candidates: A tensor of type int64 and shape [num_sampled]. The sampled classes.
true_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as true_classes. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of true_classes.
sampled_expected_count: A tensor of type float. Same shape as sampled_candidates. The expected counts under the sampling distribution of each of sampled_candidates.

Miscellaneous candidate sampling utilities

tf.nn.compute_accidental_hits(true_classes,sampled_candidates, num_true, seed=None, name=None)

Compute the ids of positions insampled_candidates matching true_classes.

In Candidate Sampling, this operationfacilitates virtually removing sampled classes which happen to match targetclasses. This is done in Sampled Softmax and Sampled Logistic.

See our Candidate Sampling Algorithms Reference.

We presuppose that the sampled_candidates are unique.

We call it an 'accidental hit' when one of the targetclasses matches one of the sampled classes. This operation reports accidentalhits as triples (index, id, weight), where index represents the row number in true_classes, id represents the position in sampled_candidates, and weightis -FLOAT_MAX.

The result of this op should be passed through a sparse_to_dense operation, then added to thelogits of the sampled classes. This removes the contradictory effect ofaccidentally sampling the true target classes as noise classes for the sameexample.

Args:

true_classes: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [batch_size, num_true]. The target classes.
sampled_candidates: A tensor of type int64 and shape [num_sampled]. The sampled_candidates output of CandidateSampler.
num_true: An int. The number of target classes per training example.
seed: An int. An operation-specific seed. Default is 0.
name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:

indices: A Tensor of type int32 and shape [num_accidental_hits]. Values indicate rows in true_classes.
ids: A Tensor of type int64 and shape [num_accidental_hits]. Values indicate positions in sampled_candidates.
weights: A Tensor of type float and shape [num_accidental_hits]. Each value is -FLOAT_MAX.

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tensorflow API说明

Neural NetworkNote: Functions taking Tensor arguments can also take anythingaccepted by tf.convert_to_tensor.ContentsNeural NetworkActivation Functionstf.nn.relu(features, name=Non
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