Note:以下结论不适用于类的成员函数指针,关于类的成员函数指针会单独讨论。
一
任何类型的指针变量均可直接赋值给const void *
任何类型的非const指针变量均可直接赋值给void *
const指针变量不可直接赋值给void *,除非通过强制类型转换
class A
{
};
typedef int (*pFun)(string); //函数指针
int *pInt;
const int *pInt_c;
char *pChar;
const char *pChar_c;
double *pDouble;
const double *pDouble_c;
A *pA; //自定义类型指针
const A *pA_c;
pFun pf; //函数指针
void* pVoid;
const void* pVoid_c;
// 1.任何类型的指针变量均可直接赋值给const void *
pVoid_c = pInt; //ok
pVoid_c = pInt_c; //ok
pVoid_c = pChar; //ok
pVoid_c = pChar_c; //ok
pVoid_c = pDouble; //ok
pVoid_c = pDouble_c; //ok
pVoid_c = pA; //ok
pVoid_c = pA_c; //ok
pVoid_c = pf; //ok
// 2.任何类型的非const指针变量均可直接赋值给void *
pVoid = pInt; //ok
pVoid = pChar; //ok
pVoid = pDouble; //ok
pVoid = pA; //ok
pVoid = pf; //ok
// 3.const指针变量不可直接赋值给void *,除非通过强制类型转换
pVoid = pInt_c; //error: cannot convert from 'const int *' to 'void *'
pVoid = pChar_c; //error: cannot convert from 'const char *' to 'void *'
pVoid = pDouble_c; //error: cannot convert from 'const double *' to 'void *'
pVoid = pA_c; //error: cannot convert from 'const A *' to 'void *'
pVoid = (void*)pInt_c; //ok
pVoid = (void*)pChar_c; //ok
pVoid = (void*)pDouble_c; //ok
pVoid = (void*)pA_c; //ok
二
任意类型指针变量之间均可以强制类型转换,包括const与非const指针变量之间的强制类型转换。
pInt = (int*)pDouble; //ok
pInt = (int*)pf; //ok
pInt = (int*)pInt_c; //ok:由const指针变量转非const指针变量
pInt = (int*)pA_c; //ok:由const指针变量转非const指针变量
pA = (A*)pA_c; //ok:由const指针变量转非const指针变量
pA = (A*)pDouble; //ok
pA = (A*)pf; //ok
pf = (pFun)pDouble; //ok
pf = (pFun)pA; //ok
三
有继承关系的自定义类型之间:
子类型指针变量可直接赋值给父类型指针变量
父类型指针变量不可直接赋值给子类型指针变量,除非通过强制类型转换
class A
{};
class B : public A // B继承自A
{};
class C
{};
A* pA;
B* pB;
C* pC;
pA = pB; //ok: 子类型指针变量可直接赋值给父类型指针变量
pB = pA; //error: 父类型指针变量不可直接赋值给子类型指针变量,除非强制类型转换
//以下适用规则二:
pA = (A*)pC; //ok
pB = (B*)pA; //ok
pB = (B*)pC; //ok
pC = (C*)pA; //ok
pC = (C*)pB; //ok
补充:
1、对于类的成员函数指针,以上原则不适用。
class A
{};
typedef void (A::*AFunPointer)(void);
typedef void (*FunPtr)(void);
void * pVoid;
int * pInt;
FunPtr fp;
AFunPointer afp;
pVoid = afp; //error: cannot convert from 'AFunPointer' to 'void *'
pInt = (int*)afp; //error: 'type cast' : cannot convert from 'AFunPointer' to 'int *'
fp = (FunPtr)afp; //error: 'type cast' : cannot convert from 'AFunPointer' to 'FunPtr'
afp = (AFunPointer)pInt; //error: 'type cast' : cannot convert from 'int *' to 'AFunPointer'
afp = (AFunPointer)pVoid; //error: 'type cast' : cannot convert from 'void *' to 'AFunPointer'
afp = (AFunPointer)fp; //error: 'type cast' : cannot convert from 'FunPtr' to 'AFunPointer'
我们可以这样理解:类的成员函数指针被限定在具体的某个类的作用域中了,他不能和域外的指针之间转换。
2、除去类的成员函数指针,虽然任意类型指针变量之间均可以强制类型转换,也即可以将const指针强转为非const指针。
但是应注意:如果将const指针强转为非const指针而用于原本const的对象,则产生未定义行为(C++语言未对此种情况进行规定)。如:
const int a = 50; // 定义const变量及常量
const int* p = &a; // const指针变量p指向const变量a
int* q = (int*)p; // const指针强转为非const指针,则非const指针变量q指向const变量a
*q = 56; // 行为未定义,以下输出为VS2008下的输出结果
cout << a << endl; //输出: 50
cout << *p << endl; //输出: 56,很显然,p已经不指向a了
cout << *q << endl; //输出: 56,很显然,q已经不指向a了
3、关于一般函数指针的强制转换,以下当然也是OK的。
class A;
typedef void (*pFun1)(int, int);
typedef int (*pFun2)(A*, double);
pFun1 pf1;
pFun2 pf2;
pf2 = (pFun2)pf1; // OK