Linux中errno使用

http://blog.csdn.net/21aspnet/article/details/6740110

 

当linux中的C api函数发生异常时,一般会将errno变量(需include errno.h)赋一个整数值,不同的值表示不同的含义,可以通过查看该值推测出错的原因，在实际编程中用这一招解决了不少原本看来莫名其妙的问题。但是errno是一个数字，代表的具体含义还要到errno.h中去阅读宏定义，而每次查阅是一件很繁琐的事情。

 

有下面几种方法可以方便的得到错误信息
(1)void perror(const char *s)
perror用来将上一个函数发生错误的原因输出到标准错误(stderr),参数s所指的字符串会先打印出,后面再加上错误原因errno对应的字符串。此错误原因依照全局变量errno 的值来决定要输出的字符串。
(2) char *strerror(int errno)
将错误代码转换为字符串错误信息,可以将该字符串和其它的信息组合输出到用户界面，例如：
fprintf(stderr,"error in CreateProcess %s, Process ID %d ",strerror(errno),processID)
注：假设processID是一个已经获取了的整形ID
(3)printf("%m", errno)

另外不是所有的地方发生错误的时候都可以通过error获取错误代码，例如下面的代码段
/*注：下面的头文件使用""而没有直接使用尖括号是因为博客大巴中尖括号当作html符号，所以其内部的头文件名字会被直接忽略*/
#include"stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "errno.h"
#include "netdb.h"
#include "sys/types.h"
#include "netinet/in.h"

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct hostent *h;
    if (argc != 2)
    {
        fprintf (stderr ,"usage: getip address\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    /* 取得主机信息 */
    if((h=gethostbyname(argv[1])) == NULL)
    {
        /* 如果gethostbyname 失败，则给出错误信息 */
         herror(“gethostbyname”);
         exit(1);
    }
    /* 列印程序取得的信息 */
    printf(“Host name : %s\n”, h->h_name);
    printf(“IP Address : %s\n”, inet_ntoa (*((struct in_addr *)h->h_addr))）;
    return 0;
}

通过上面的代码可以看到：使用gethostbyname()函数，你不能使用perror()来输出错误信息，因为错误代码存储在 h_errno中而不是errno 中。所以，你需要调用herror()函数。

你简单的传给gethostbyname() 一个机器名（“bbs.tsinghua.edu.cn”），然后就从返回的结构struct hostent 中得到了IP 等其他信息。程序中输出IP 地址的程序需要解释一下：h->h_addr 是一个char*，但是inet_ntoa()函数需要传递的是一个struct in_addr 结构。所以上面将h->h_addr 强制转换为struct in_addr*，然后通过它得到了所有数据。

 

errno.h中定义的错误代码值如下：

查看错误代码errno是调试程序的一个重要方法。在实际编程中如果每次都去查错误代码的含义比较麻烦，现在把它贴出来，以后需要查时就来这里看了。

以下来自linux 2.4.20-18的内核代码中的/usr/include/asm/errno.h
#ifndef _I386_ERRNO_H
#define _I386_ERRNO_H
#define EPERM   1                 /* Operation not permitted */
#define ENOENT   2              /* No such file or directory */
#define ESRCH   3                /* No such process */
#define EINTR   4                 /* Interrupted system call */
#define EIO       5                  /* I/O error */
#define ENXIO   6                 /* No such device or address */
#define E2BIG   7                 /* Arg list too long */
#define ENOEXEC   8           /* Exec format error */
#define EBADF   9                /* Bad file number */
#define ECHILD 10               /* No child processes */
#define EAGAIN 11                /* Try again */
#define ENOMEM 12               /* Out of memory */
#define EACCES 13               /* Permission denied */
#define EFAULT 14              /* Bad address */
#define ENOTBLK 15       /* Block device required */
#define EBUSY 16             /* Device or resource busy */
#define EEXIST 17             /* File exists */
#define EXDEV 18              /* Cross-device link */
#define ENODEV 19           /* No such device */
#define ENOTDIR 20           /* Not a directory */
#define EISDIR 21              /* Is a directory */
#define EINVAL 22                /* Invalid argument */
#define ENFILE 23           /* File table overflow */
#define EMFILE 24             /* Too many open files */
#define ENOTTY 25           /* Not a typewriter */
#define ETXTBSY 26         /* Text file busy */
#define EFBIG 27              /* File too large */
#define ENOSPC 28          /* No space left on device */
#define ESPIPE 29          /* Illegal seek */
#define EROFS 30             /* Read-only file system */
#define EMLINK 31           /* Too many links */
#define EPIPE 32            /* Broken pipe */
#define EDOM 33            /* Math argument out of domain of func */
#define ERANGE 34       /* Math result not representable */
#define EDEADLK 35         /* Resource deadlock would occur */
#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */
#define ENOLCK 37          /* No record locks available */
#define ENOSYS 38          /* Function not implemented */
#define ENOTEMPTY 39   /* Directory not empty */
#define ELOOP 40             /* Too many symbolic links encountered */
#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */
#define ENOMSG 42             /* No message of desired type */
#define EIDRM 43              /* Identifier removed */
#define ECHRNG 44          /* Channel number out of range */
#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */
#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */
#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */
#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */
#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */
#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */
#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */
#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */
#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */
#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */
#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */
#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */
#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */
#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */
#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */
#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */
#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */
#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */
#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */
#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */
#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */
#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */
#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */
#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */
#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */
#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */
#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */
#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */
#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */
#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */
#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */
#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */
#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */
#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */
#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */
#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */
#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */
#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */
#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */
#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */
#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */
#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */
#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */
#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */
#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */
#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */
#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */
#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */
#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */
#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */
#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */
#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */
#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */
#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */
#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */
#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */
#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */
#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */
#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */
#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */
#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */
#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */
#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */
#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */
#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */
#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */
#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */
#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */
#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
#endif

 

同时也可以使用strerror（）来自己翻译
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main(void)
{
    int   fd;
    extern int errno;

    if((fd = open("/dev/dsp",O_WRONLY)) < 0)
   {
        printf("errno=%d\n",errno);
        char * mesg = strerror(errno);
        printf("Mesg:%s\n",mesg);
   }

    exit(0);
}

dsp设备忙的话将输出如下：
errno=16
Mesg:Device or resource busy