再读《The C Programming Language》 第二章 2.2 运算符

2.2 运算符

运算是计算机的灵魂!不就是计算机计算能力比人强,所以我们要仰仗它么!其实在计算机里的运算也就那么几种,但用起来却变化无穷~

1、算术运算 '+'   '-'   '*'  '/'  '%' (最后一个模,比较新鲜,非常实用),++;-- 
2、关系运算 '>'  '<'  '>='  '<='  '=='  '!='
3、逻辑运算 ‘&&’‘||’
4、位运算 ‘&’ ‘|’‘^’'~' '>>' '<<' 
5、条件运算 ‘xx?xx:xx’
6、逗号运算 ‘,’(我也是今天才知道,这个是个运算符号)。
 
下面这个表表示了各个运算符之间的优先级,如果你有不喜欢加括号,也不了解优先级,那么你的程序就有大问题了~

优先级

运算符

名称或含义

使用形式

结合方向

说明

1

[]

数组下标

数组名[常量表达式]

左到右

 

()

圆括号

(表达式)/函数名(形参表)

 

.

成员选择(对象)

对象.成员名

 

->

成员选择(指针)

对象指针->成员名

 

2

-

负号运算符

-表达式

右到左

单目运算符

(类型)

强制类型转换

(数据类型)表达式

 

++

自增运算符

++变量名/变量名++

单目运算符

--

自减运算符

--变量名/变量名--

单目运算符

*

取值运算符

*指针变量

单目运算符

&

取地址运算符

&变量名

单目运算符

!

逻辑非运算符

!表达式

单目运算符

~

按位取反运算符

~表达式

单目运算符

sizeof

长度运算符

sizeof(表达式)

 

3

/

表达式/表达式

左到右

双目运算符

*

表达式*表达式

双目运算符

%

余数(取模)

整型表达式/整型表达式

双目运算符

4

+

表达式+表达式

左到右

双目运算符

-

表达式-表达式

双目运算符

5

<<

左移

变量<<表达式

左到右

双目运算符

>>

右移

变量>>表达式

双目运算符

6

>

大于

表达式>表达式

左到右

双目运算符

>=

大于等于

表达式>=表达式

双目运算符

<

小于

表达式<表达式

双目运算符

<=

小于等于

表达式<=表达式

双目运算符

7

==

等于

表达式==表达式

左到右

双目运算符

!=

不等于

表达式!= 表达式

双目运算符

8

&

按位与

表达式&表达式

左到右

双目运算符

9

^

按位异或

表达式^表达式

左到右

双目运算符

10

|

按位或

表达式|表达式

左到右

双目运算符

11

&&

逻辑与

表达式&&表达式

左到右

双目运算符

12

||

逻辑或

表达式||表达式

左到右

双目运算符

13

?:

条件运算符

表达式1? 表达式2: 表达式3

右到左

三目运算符

14

=

赋值运算符

变量=表达式

右到左

 

/=

除后赋值

变量/=表达式

 

*=

乘后赋值

变量*=表达式

 

%=

取模后赋值

变量%=表达式

 

+=

加后赋值

变量+=表达式

 

-=

减后赋值

变量-=表达式

 

<<=

左移后赋值

变量<<=表达式

 

>>=

右移后赋值

变量>>=表达式

 

&=

按位与后赋值

变量&=表达式

 

^=

按位异或后赋值

变量^=表达式

 

|=

按位或后赋值

变量|=表达式

 

15

,

逗号运算符

表达式,表达式,…

右到左

从右向左顺序运算


虽然,这里面没有什么深入的东西,但陷阱较多 ,有机会看看《C陷阱》这本书。

我知道的几个陷阱:
1、 最容易混淆的 “=” 和 “==”,“&”和“&&”,“|”和“||”这真的不同!
2、“~”和“!”,也是不同的!

一个经典的例子:

#include <stdio.h>      /* 系统头文件 */
#include <stdlib.h>     /* 系统头文件 */

int main()
{
        int a ,b, c;
     a = 1;
     b = 2;
     c = 3;
     printf("a = %d, b = %d, c = %d\n", a = c + b, b = a + c, c = a + b);

     system("PAUSE"); /* 系统暂停运行,可以方便看到显示结果 */
     return 0;
}

你认为输出结果是什么呢?
结果为:a=7;b=4;c=3; 逗号运算符的为从右到左。

再看一个例子

#include <stdio.h>      /* 系统头文件 */
#include <stdlib.h>     /* 系统头文件 */

int main()
{
        int a ,b;
     a = 1;

        if( (a = 1) || (b = 2) )
     {
          printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a , b);
     }

     system("PAUSE"); /* 系统暂停运行,可以方便看到显示结果 */
     return 0;
}

这回输出什么呢?a=1;b=? ,b的值,God knows,C语言规定,“||”如果左边为真,则右边就不去判断了,即b=1;根本就没有被执行,so...


The C programming Language 第二版英文版 內容列表 Table of Contents Preface.......................................................... Preface to the first edition..................................... Introduction..................................................... Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction.............................. 1.1 Getting Started................................ 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions........... 1.3 The for statement.............................. 1.4 Symbolic Constants............................. 1.5 Character Input and Output..................... 1.5.1 File Copying.......................... 1.5.2 Character Counting.................... 1.5.3 Line Counting......................... 1.5.4 Word Counting......................... 1.6 Arrays......................................... 1.7 Functions...................................... 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value...................... 1.9 Character Arrays............................... 1.10 External Variables and Scope.................. Chapter 2 - Types, Operators and Expressions..................... 2.1 Variable Names................................. 2.2 Data Types and Sizes........................... 2.3 Constants...................................... 2.4 Declarations................................... 2.5 Arithmetic Operators........................... 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators............... 2.7 Type Conversions............................... 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators.............. 2.9 Bitwise Operators.............................. 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions.......... 2.11 Conditional Expressions....................... 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation............ Chapter 3 - Control Flow......................................... 3.1 Statements and Blocks.......................... 3.2 If-Else........................................ 3.3 Else-If........................................ 3.4 Switch......................................... 3.5 Loops - While and For.......................... 3.6 Loops - Do-While............................... 3.7 Break and Continue............................. 3.8 Goto and labels................................ Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure...................... 4.1 Basics of Functions............................ 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers............... 4.3 External Variables............................. 4.4 Scope Rules.................................... 4.5 Header Files................................... 4.6 Static Variables................................ 4.7 Register Variables.............................. 4.8 Block Structure................................. 4.9 Initialization.................................. 4.10 Recursion...................................... 4.11 The C Preprocessor............................. 4.11.1 File Inclusion........................ 4.11.2 Macro Substitution.................... 4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion................. Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays.................................. 5.1 Pointers and Addresses......................... 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments................ 5.3 Pointers and Arrays............................ 5.4 Address Arithmetic............................. 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions............... 5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers........... 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays....................... 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays............... 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays.......... 5.10 Command-line Arguments........................ 5.11 Pointers to Functions......................... 5.12 Complicated Declarations...................... Chapter 6 - Structures........................................... 6.1 Basics of Structures........................... 6.2 Structures and Functions....................... 6.3 Arrays of Structures........................... 6.4 Pointers to Structures......................... 6.5 Self-referential Structures.................... 6.6 Table Lookup................................... 6.7 Typedef........................................ 6.8 Unions......................................... 6.9 Bit-fields..................................... Chapter 7 - Input and Output..................................... 7.1 Standard Input and Output....................... 7.2 Formatted Output - printf....................... 7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists.................. 7.4 Formatted Input - Scanf......................... 7.5 File Access..................................... 7.6 Error Handling - Stderr and Exit................ 7.7 Line Input and Output........................... 7.8 Miscellaneous Functions......................... 7.8.1 String Operations...................... 7.8.2 Character Class Testing and Conversion. 7.8.3 Ungetc................................. 7.8.4 Command Execution...................... 7.8.5 Storage Management..................... 7.8.6 Mathematical Functions................. 7.8.7 Random Number generation............... Chapter 8 - The UNIX System Interface............................ 8.1 File Descriptors............................... 8.2 Low Level I/O - Read and Write................. 8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink..................... 8.4 Random Access - Lseek.......................... 8.5 Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc.. 8.6 Example - Listing Directories.................. 8.7 Example - A Storage Allocator.................. Appendix A - Reference Manual.................................... A.1 Introduction................................... A.2 Lexical Conventions............................ A.2.1 Tokens................................ A.2.2 Comments.............................. A.2.3 Identifiers........................... A.2.4 Keywords.............................. A.2.5 Constants............................. A.2.6 String Literals....................... A.3 Syntax Notation................................ A.4 Meaning of Identifiers......................... A.4.1 Storage Class......................... A.4.2 Basic Types........................... A.4.3 Derived types......................... A.4.4 Type Qualifiers....................... A.5 Objects and Lvalues............................ A.6 Conversions.................................... A.6.1 Integral Promotion.................... A.6.2 Integral Conversions.................. A.6.3 Integer and Floating.................. A.6.4 Floating Types........................ A.6.5 Arithmetic Conversions................ A.6.6 Pointers and Integers................. A.6.7 Void.................................. A.6.8 Pointers to Void...................... A.7 Expressions.................................... A.7.1 Pointer Conversion.................... A.7.2 Primary Expressions................... A.7.3 Postfix Expressions................... A.7.4 Unary Operators....................... A.7.5 Casts................................. A.7.6 Multiplicative Operators.............. A.7.7 Additive Operators.................... A.7.8 Shift Operators....................... A.7.9 Relational Operators.................. A.7.10 Equality Operators................... A.7.11 Bitwise AND Operator................. A.7.12 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator........ A.7.13 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator........ A.7.14 Logical AND Operator................. A.7.15 Logical OR Operator.................. A.7.16 Conditional Operator................. A.7.17 Assignment Expressions............... A.7.18 Comma Operator.......................... A.7.19 Constant Expressions.................... A.8 Declarations..................................... A.8.1 Storage Class Specifiers................. A.8.2 Type Specifiers.......................... A.8.3 Structure and Union Declarations......... A.8.4 Enumerations............................. A.8.5 Declarators.............................. A.8.6 Meaning of Declarators................... A.8.7 Initialization........................... A.8.8 Type names............................... A.8.9 Typedef.................................. A.8.10 Type Equivalence........................ A.9 Statements....................................... A.9.1 Labeled Statements....................... A.9.2 Expression Statement..................... A.9.3 Compound Statement....................... A.9.4 Selection Statements..................... A.9.5 Iteration Statements..................... A.9.6 Jump statements.......................... A.10 External Declarations........................... A.10.1 Function Definitions.................... A.10.2 External Declarations................... A.11 Scope and Linkage............................... A.11.1 Lexical Scope........................... A.11.2 Linkage................................. A.12 Preprocessing................................... A.12.1 Trigraph Sequences...................... A.12.2 Line Splicing........................... A.12.3 Macro Definition and Expansion.......... A.12.4 File Inclusion.......................... A.12.5 Conditional Compilation................. A.12.6 Line Control............................ A.12.7 Error Generation........................ A.12.8 Pragmas................................. A.12.9 Null directive.......................... A.12.10 Predefined names....................... A.13 Grammar......................................... Appendix B - Standard Library.................................... B.1.1 File Operations................................ B.1.2 Formatted Output......................... B.1.3 Formatted Input.......................... B.1.4 Character Input and Output Functions..... B.1.5 Direct Input and Output Functions........ B.1.6 File Positioning Functions............... B.1.7 Error Functions.......................... B.2 Character Class Tests: ................. B.3 String Functions: ..................... B.4 Mathematical Functions: ................. B.5 Utility Functions: ....................
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