散列表是数据结构中的重要技术，散列表的最大优点在于便于查找，缺点在于插入删除较为麻烦。java中很多数据类型如hashMap,hashTable,hashSet基本实现就是采用散列表技术。首先看下HashSet。
package java.util;
/*
1.HashSet中不允许重复元素
2.HashSet中大量调用了HashMap的方法，其内部封装了一个HashMap
*/
public class HashSet<E>
extends AbstractSet<E>
implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
static final long serialVersionUID = -5024744406713321676L;
//hashSet内部使用HashMap来存储元素，
private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;
//定义一个静态对象，作为所有key的value
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap<>();
}
public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
map = new HashMap<>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
addAll(c);
}
public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity);
}
HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
map = new LinkedHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return map.keySet().iterator();
}
public int size() {
return map.size();
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return map.isEmpty();
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return map.containsKey(o);
}
public boolean add(E e) {
return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
}
public void clear() {
map.clear();
}
public Object clone() {
try {
HashSet<E> newSet = (HashSet<E>) super.clone();
newSet.map = (HashMap<E, Object>) map.clone();
return newSet;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError();
}
}
}HashSet内部封装了一个HashMap，将要存储的对象作为每个键值对中的key，然后采用静态变量对象PRESENT作为所有key的value。在看HashMap之前来讲讲什么叫做散列(hash)?Hash的具体含义参见百度百科(hash)。简单的来说是指对所以的关键字，不直接采用关键字作为存储数组的下标，而是根据关键字计算出相应下标。hash的关键技术在于如何产生合适的hashcode，以及如何解决冲突(多个key映射到一个位置上)。hash表在查找方面上平均只需要O(1)的时间，也就是一找就到的节奏。在来看HashMap的内部实现。
package java.util;
import java.io.*;
/*
HashMap是线程不同步的，可以进行封装
Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(...));
*/
public class HashMap<K,V>
extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable
{
/*
HashMap 的实例有两个参数影响其性能：初始容量 和加载因子。
容量是哈希表中桶的数量，初始容量只是哈希表在创建时的容量。
加载因子是哈希表在其容量自动增加之前可以达到多满的一种尺度。
当哈希表中的条目数超出了加载因子与当前容量的乘积时，
则要对该哈希表进行 rehash 操作（即重建内部数据结构），
从而哈希表将具有大约两倍的桶数。
在Java编程语言中，加载因子默认值为0.75，默认哈希表元为101
*/
//初始化容量
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
//最大容量
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
//加载因子
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
//用来存储键值对的Entry数组,用于设置刚刚初始化的HashMap对象,用来减少存储空间
static final Entry<?,?>[] EMPTY_TABLE = {};
//大小必须是2的倍数
transient Entry<K,V>[] table = (Entry<K,V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
//存储的键值对的数目
transient int size;
//阈值，当size超过threshold时，table将会扩容.
//threshold = capacity * loadFactor
int threshold;
//加载因子
final float loadFactor;
//修改次数，用于检查线程是否同步
transient int modCount;
//默认的阀值
static final int ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
private static class Holder {
static final int ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD;
static {
//获取jdk内置的阀值
String altThreshold = java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
new sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction(
"jdk.map.althashing.threshold"));
int threshold;
try {
//设置当前阀值
threshold = (null != altThreshold)
? Integer.parseInt(altThreshold)
: ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT;
// disable alternative hashing if -1
if (threshold == -1) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
if (threshold < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("value must be positive integer.");
}
} catch(IllegalArgumentException failed) {
throw new Error("Illegal value for 'jdk.map.althashing.threshold'", failed);
}
ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD = threshold;
}
}
//使用初始化容量和加载因子初始化HashMap
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
threshold = initialCapacity;
init();
}
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
public HashMap() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/*
* Constructs a new HashMap with the same mappings as the
* specified Map. The HashMap is created with
* default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
* hold the mappings in the specified Map.
*/
public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY), DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
inflateTable(threshold);
putAllForCreate(m);
}
/**
* A randomizing value associated with this instance that is applied to
* hash code of keys to make hash collisions harder to find.
If 0 then alternative hashing is disabled.
*/
transient int hashSeed = 0;
//工具函数,将number扩展成2的倍数
private static int roundUpToPowerOf2(int number) {
// assert number >= 0 : "number must be non-negative";
int rounded = number >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
: (rounded = Integer.highestOneBit(number)) != 0
? (Integer.bitCount(number) > 1) ? rounded << 1 : rounded
: 1;
return rounded;
}
//将表格大小扩展到toSize
private void inflateTable(int toSize) {
// Find a power of 2 >= toSize
int capacity = roundUpToPowerOf2(toSize);
//重新设置阀值
threshold = (int) Math.min(capacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
//重新设置table
table = new Entry[capacity];
//根据capacity初始化hashSeed
initHashSeedAsNeeded(capacity);
}
// internal utilities
void init() {
}
/**
* Initialize the hashing mask value. We defer initialization until we
* really need it.
*/
final boolean initHashSeedAsNeeded(int capacity) {
boolean currentAltHashing = hashSeed != 0;
//根据系统函数得到一个hash
boolean useAltHashing = sun.misc.VM.isBooted() &&
(capacity >= Holder.ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD);
boolean switching = currentAltHashing ^ useAltHashing;
//如果hashSeed初始化为0则跳过switching
//否则使用系统函数得到新的hashSeed
if (switching) {
hashSeed = useAltHashing
? sun.misc.Hashing.randomHashSeed(this)
: 0;
}
return switching;
}
/*
哈希算法的核心：哈希函数
* Retrieve object hash code and applies a supplemental hash function to the
* result hash, which defends against poor quality hash functions. This is
* critical because HashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables, that
* otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not differ
* in lower bits. Note: Null keys always map to hash 0, thus index 0.
*/
*/
final int hash(Object k) {
int h = hashSeed;
//通过hashSeed初始化的值的不同来选择不同的hash方式
if (0 != h && k instanceof String) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
}
h ^= k.hashCode();
h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
}
//Returns index for hash code h.通过得到的hash值来确定它在table中的位置
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
// assert Integer.bitCount(length) == 1 : "length must be a non-zero power of 2";
return h & (length-1);
}
public int size() {
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
public V get(Object key) {
if (key == null)
return getForNullKey();
Entry<K,V> entry = getEntry(key);//查看调用函数，在下面
return null == entry ? null : entry.getValue();
}
private V getForNullKey() {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if (e.key == null)
return e.value;
}
return null;
}
public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
return getEntry(key) != null;
}
final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
//通过key的hash值确定table下标（null对应下标0）
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key);
//indexFor() = h & (length-1) = hash&(table.length-1)
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
e != null;
e = e.next)
//对冲突的处理办法是将线性探查，即将元素放到冲突位置的下一个可用位置上
{
Object k;
/*注意：因为元素可能不是刚好存在它对应hash值得下一个位置
(如果该位置之前有元素，则要放在下两个的位置，以此类推)
*/
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
//所以不仅要判断hash还要判断key（因为不同的key可能有相同的hash值）
return e;
}
return null;
}
/*
* 1. 通过key的hash值确定table下标
* 2. 查找table下标，如果key存在则更新对应的value
* 3. 如果key不存在则调用addEntry()方法
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
//初始化存储表空间
inflateTable(threshold);
}
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
int hash = hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
/*
注意：
我不断的寻找，hash值对应位置之后的可用位置在哪里
*/
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
//上面的循环结束表示当前的key不存在与表中，需要另外增加
modCount++;
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);//函数在下面
return null;
}
/*
为减少篇幅，删除了一些功能实现类似的方法
大家可以自行阅读分析
*/
/**
* Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
*/
void transfer(Entry[] newTable, boolean rehash) {
int newCapacity = newTable.length;
for (Entry<K,V> e : table) {
while(null != e) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
//是否重新进行hash计算
if (rehash) {
e.hash = null == e.key ? 0 : hash(e.key);
}
int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
e.next = newTable[i];
newTable[i] = e;
e = next;
}
}
}
//扩展到指定的大小
void resize(int newCapacity) {
Entry[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return;
}
Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
//重新hash
transfer(newTable, initHashSeedAsNeeded(newCapacity));
table = newTable;
threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
}
//Entry类就是一个简单的键值对的类
static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final K key;
V value;
Entry<K,V> next;//这是一种类似指针的东西
int hash;//还要存放hash值
/*
下面是一些十分基本的构造函数以及get,set方法
*/
Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry<K,V> n) {
value = v;
next = n;
key = k;
hash = h;
}
public final K getKey() {
return key;
}
public final V getValue() {
return value;
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
//必须要key和value都一样才equals
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
Object k1 = getKey();
Object k2 = e.getKey();
if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
Object v1 = getValue();
Object v2 = e.getValue();
if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
return true;
}
return false;
}
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(getKey()) ^ Objects.hashCode(getValue());
}
public final String toString() {
return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
}
/**
* This method is invoked whenever the value in an entry is
* overwritten by an invocation of put(k,v) for a key k that's already
* in the HashMap.
*/
void recordAccess(HashMap<K,V> m) {
}
/**
* This method is invoked whenever the entry is
* removed from the table.
*/
void recordRemoval(HashMap<K,V> m) {
}
}
//根据需要，可能要扩容
//由于它由Put函数调用，调用之前已经确定表中没有key的记录
//addEntry默认当前表中没有指定key的记录，直接增加记录
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
//计算存放位置
if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
resize(2 * table.length);//将容量翻倍
hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
//寻找指定hash值对应的存放位置
bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
}
createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
}
//由于默认没有key的记录，所以直接增加
void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
size++;
}
//类似于Entry数组的迭代器，主要是对table进行操作
private abstract class HashIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
Entry<K,V> next; // next entry to return
int expectedModCount; // For fast-fail
int index; // current slot
Entry<K,V> current; // current entry
HashIterator() {
expectedModCount = modCount;
if (size > 0) { // advance to first entry
Entry[] t = table;
while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
;
}
}
public final boolean hasNext() {
return next != null;
}
final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Entry<K,V> e = next;
if (e == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
if ((next = e.next) == null) {
Entry[] t = table;
while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
;
}
current = e;
return e;
}
public void remove() {
if (current == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Object k = current.key;
current = null;
HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
expectedModCount = modCount;
}
}
private final class ValueIterator extends HashIterator<V> {
public V next() {
return nextEntry().value;
}
}
private final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator<K> {
public K next() {
return nextEntry().getKey();
}
}
private final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
return nextEntry();
}
}
// Subclass overrides these to alter behavior of views' iterator() method
Iterator<K> newKeyIterator() {
return new KeyIterator();
}
Iterator<V> newValueIterator() {
return new ValueIterator();
}
Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> newEntryIterator() {
return new EntryIterator();
}
// Views
private transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet = null;
/**
* Returns a link Set view of the keys contained in this map.
*/
public Set<K> keySet() {
Set<K> ks = keySet;
return (ks != null ? ks : (keySet = new KeySet()));
}
private final class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
public Iterator<K> iterator() {
return newKeyIterator();
}
public int size() {
return size;
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return containsKey(o);
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(o) != null;
}
public void clear() {
HashMap.this.clear();
}
}
/**
* Returns a Collection view of the values contained in this map.
*/
public Collection<V> values() {
Collection<V> vs = values;
return (vs != null ? vs : (values = new Values()));
}
private final class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
public Iterator<V> iterator() {
return newValueIterator();
}
public int size() {
return size;
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return containsValue(o);
}
public void clear() {
HashMap.this.clear();
}
}
/**
return a set view of the mappings contained in this map
*/
public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
return entrySet0();
}
private Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet0() {
Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es = entrySet;
return es != null ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
}
private final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
return newEntryIterator();
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<K,V> e = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
Entry<K,V> candidate = getEntry(e.getKey());
return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e);
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return removeMapping(o) != null;
}
public int size() {
return size;
}
public void clear() {
HashMap.this.clear();
}
}
private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
// These methods are used when serializing HashSets
int capacity() { return table.length; }
float loadFactor() { return loadFactor; }
}
个人体会：
1.hash算法，通过系统得到初始化的hashSeed（可能是因为系统能够做到类似完全的随机吧），然后就开始各种的与运算，争取把元素都均匀分散开。
2.冲突(collision)解决的办法,线性探查：寻找当前位置之后可用的位置。所以在put,get的时候都要检测是否冲突，然后通过比较hash值和key来确定具体的寻找、删除、修改位置。
3.对于hashSeed的分析，由于系统函数较多，真的不够清晰，请多多指教
一起学习，一起进步，欢迎访问我的博客：http://blog.csdn.net/wanghao109
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