POM
Maven项目,依赖,构建配置,以及构件:所有这些都是要建模和表述的对象。这些对象通过一个名为项目对象模型(Project Object Model,POM)的XML文件描述。这个POM告诉Maven它正处理什么类型的项目,如何修改默认的行为来从源码生成输出。同样的方式,一个Java Web应用有一个web.xml
文件来描述,配置,及自定义该应用,一个Maven项目则通过一个pom.xml
文件定义。该文件是Maven中一个项目的描述性陈述;也是当Maven构建项目的时候需要理解的一份“地图”。
你可以将pom.xml
看成是类似于Makefile
或者Ant中的build.xml
。当你使用GNUmake 来构建诸如MySQL软件的时候,你通常会有一个名为Makefile
的文件,它包含了显式的指令来清理,编译,打包以及部署一个应用。在这一点上,Make,Ant,和Maven是相似的,它们都依赖于一个统一命名的文件如Makefile
,build.xml
,或者pom.xml
,但相似的地方也仅此而已。如果你看一下Maven的pom.xml
,POM的主要内容是处理描述信息:哪里存放源代码?哪里存放资源文件?打包方式是什么?如果你看一下Ant的build.xml
文件,你会看到完全不同的东西。那里有显式的指令来执行一些任务,如编译一组Java类。Maven的POM是声明性的,虽然你可以通过Maven Ant插件来引入一些过程式的自定义指令,但大部分时间里,你不需要去了解项目构建的过程细节。
POM也不只是仅仅针对于构建Java项目。虽然本书的大部分样例都是Java应用,但是在Maven的项目对象模型定义中没有任何Java特定的东西。虽然Maven的默认插件是从一组源码,测试,和资源来构建一个JAR文件。但你同样可以为一个包含C#源码,使用微软工具处理一些微软私有的二进制文件的项目来定义一个POM。类似的,你也可以为一本技术书籍定义一个POM。事实上,本书的源码和本书的样例正是用一个Maven多模块项目组织的,我们使用一个Maven Docbook插件,将标准的Docbook XSL应用到一系列章节的XML文件上。还有人编写了Maven插件来将Adobe Flex代码构建成SWC和SWF,也还有人使用了Maven来构建C编写的项目。
我们已经确定了POM是描述性和声明性的,它不像Ant或者Make那样提供显式的指令,我们也注意到POM的概念不是特定于Java的。让我们深入更多的细节,看一下Figure 9.1, “项目对象模型”,纵览一下POM的内容。
POM包含了四类描述和配置:
-
项目总体信息
- 构建设置
-
在这一部分,我们自定义Maven构建的默认行为。我们可以更改源码和测试代码的位置,可以添加新的插件,可以将插件目标绑定到生命周期,我们还可以自定义站点生成参数。
构建环境
-
构建环境包含了一些能在不同使用环境中 激活的profile。例如,在开发过程中你可能会想要将应用部署到一个而开发服务器上,而在产品环境中你会需要将应用部署到产品服务器上。构建环境为特定的环境定制了构建设置,通常它还会由
~/.m2
中的自定义settings.xml
补充。这个settings文件将会在Chapter 11,构建Profile中,以及Section A.1, “简介”中的Appendix A,附录: Settings细节小节中讨论。
POM关系
-
一个项目很少孤立存在;它会依赖于其它项目,可能从父项目继承POM设置,它要定义自身的坐标,可能还会包含子模块。
在深入钻研一些样例POM之前,让我们先快速看一下超级POM。所有的Maven项目的POM都扩展自超级POM。超级POM定义了一组被所有项目共享的默认设置。它是Maven安装的一部分,可以在/usr/local/maven/lib
中的maven-2.0.9-uber.jar
文件中找到。如果你看一下这个JAR文件,你会看到在包org.apache.maven.project下看到一个名为pom-4.0.0.xml
的文件。这个Maven的超级POM如Example 9.1, “超级POM”所示。
Example 9.1. 超级POM
<span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">project</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">modelVersion</span> >4.0.0<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/modelVersion</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">name</span> >Maven Default Project<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/name</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">repositories</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">repository</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">id</span> >central<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/id</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">name</span> >Maven Repository Switchboard<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/name</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">layout</span> >default<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/layout</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">url</span> >http://repo1.maven.org/maven2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/url</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">snapshots</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">enabled</span> >false<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/enabled</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/snapshots</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/repository</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/repositories</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">pluginRepositories</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">pluginRepository</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">id</span> >central<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/id</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">name</span> >Maven Plugin Repository<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/name</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">url</span> >http://repo1.maven.org/maven2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/url</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">layout</span> >default<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/layout</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">snapshots</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">enabled</span> >false<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/enabled</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/snapshots</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">releases</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">updatePolicy</span> >never<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/updatePolicy</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/releases</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/pluginRepository</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/pluginRepositories</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">build</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">directory</span> >target<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/directory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">outputDirectory</span> >target/classes<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/outputDirectory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">finalName</span> >content-zh-0.6-SNAPSHOT<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/finalName</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">testOutputDirectory</span> >target/test-classes<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/testOutputDirectory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">sourceDirectory</span> >src/main/java<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/sourceDirectory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">scriptSourceDirectory</span> >src/main/scripts<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/scriptSourceDirectory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">testSourceDirectory</span> >src/test/java<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/testSourceDirectory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">resources</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">resource</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">directory</span> >src/main/resources<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/directory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/resource</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/resources</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">testResources</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">testResource</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">directory</span> >src/test/resources<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/directory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/testResource</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/testResources</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/build</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">pluginManagement</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugins</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-antrun-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >1.1<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-assembly-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.2-beta-1<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-clean-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-compiler-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.0.2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-dependency-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.0<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-deploy-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.3<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-ear-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.3.1<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-ejb-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.1<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-install-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-jar-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-javadoc-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.4<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-plugin-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.3<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-rar-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-release-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.0-beta-7<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-resources-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-site-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.0-beta-6<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-source-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.0.4<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-surefire-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.4.2<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">artifactId</span> >maven-war-plugin<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/artifactId</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">version</span> >2.1-alpha-1<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/version</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugin</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/plugins</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/pluginManagement</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">reporting</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">outputDirectory</span> >target/site<<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/outputDirectory</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/reporting</span> > <<span class="hl-tag" style="color: blue;">/project</span> ></span></span>
这个超级POM定义了一些由所有项目继承的标准配置变量。对这些变量的简单解释如下:
默认的超级POM定义了一个单独的远程Maven仓库,ID为 | |
中央Maven仓库同时也包含Maven插件。默认的插件仓库就是这个中央仓库。Snapshot被关闭了,而且更新策略被设置成了“从不”,这意味着Maven将永远不会自动更新一个插件,即使新版本的插件发布了。 | |
| |
从Maven 2.0.9开始,超级POM为核心插件提供了默认版本。这么做是为那些没有在它们POM中指定插件版本的用户提供一些稳定性。 |