How to build NCL and NCAR Graphics from source code

最新推荐文章于 2021-05-25 14:46:01 发布

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How to build NCL and NCAR Graphics from source code

This is an all-encompassing document on:

How to set up your environment to build NCL and NCAR Graphics from source code.
What external software packages you need, which are optional, and how to build them.
How to build and test NCL and NCAR Graphics.

NCL and NCAR Graphics can only be built on UNIX systems.

We highly recommend that you use a precompiled NCL binary rather than attempting a build from source code. If you tried a precompiled binary and ran into problems, you can post your problem to the ncl-install email list.

If you decide to go forth with building from source code, good luck!

Note: in the V6.1.0 source code, there's a bug in one of the yMakefiles in the source code, if you plan to build NCL with GDAL support turned off. You will need to download this yMakefile.ncl.fix file, rename it to "yMakefile", and put it in $NCARG/ni/src/ncl before you start the build.

Note on building NCAR Graphics only: you have the option during the build process to indicate you do not want to build NCL, effectively building just NCAR Graphics. This simplifies the build somewhat, since you can get by with not having to install most, if any, of the external software packages listed below. If you are already familiar with building NCAR Graphics from source code, then all the instructions you know from before are the same. When you run "./Configure", be sure to answer "n" when it asks if you want to build NCL.

Before you start building NCL/NCAR Graphics, look over this document to see what functionality you want to include. This will help you figure out what packages you'll need and what options they need to be built with. Check if you already have any of these packages on your system and if they were built with the correct options.

Some of the required softwre libraries may already be on your system. On Linux and Mac systems, you can use a command called "locate" to look for libraries.

locate libcairo

NCL/NCAR Graphics has been successfully built on 32 and 64 bit Linux systems (with a variety of compilers), Macs (PPC or Intel, 32 or 64 bit) running MacOSX, IBMs running AIX, and Windows running Cygwin (to name a few).

Email ncl-install if you have any problems understanding this document or building any of this software. We've included a troubleshooting section for common problems encountered when building NCL and/or NCAR Graphics.

Note that in the instructions below, "NCL" will sometimes be used to mean both NCL and NCAR Graphics. If something is for NCAR Graphics only, we try to indicate this.

Table of Contents

What's new in build instructions since last NCL release

The instructions for building haven't changed much since version 5.2.1. Here's what's new about the source code instructions since version 6.0.0 of NCL:

The graphical display model has been upgraded, and hence building cairo and some supplemental software is no longer optional.
Some external software packages have newer versions. For example, NetCDF is at version 4.2 and has split up its software into three separate packages (C, Fortran, and C++ interfaces).
We built this version of NCL against NetCDF 4.2, but version NetCDF 4.1.3 will work too.

Set up build environment for NCL

Compilers needed to build NCL

To build NCL, you need a Fortran compiler that can compile both Fortran 77 and 90 and an ANSI C compiler. If your system has native Fortran and C compilers (for example "xlf" on IBM/AIX systems), we recommend using these. In addition to native compilers, NCL has been successfully built with a wide-range of compilers including gcc, gfortran, g95, Intel Fortran/C, and Portland Group. You cannot use g77 as a Fortran compiler.

Set up environment variables for external software

Most of the external software packages that NCL and NCAR Graphics depend on are configured using a "configure" script. These "configure" scripts recognize a number of standard environment variables that allow you to set compilers and compile options.

Decide what compilers and compile options you want to use, and then set the following environment variables as appropriate:

Environment variable name

Description

Example

C compiler

bash/ksh:

export CC=gcc

csh/tcsh:

setenv CC gcc

CFLAGS

C compile flags

bash/ksh:

export CFLAGS='-O -ansi -fPIC'

export CFLAGS='-O -m64 -ansi -fPIC'

csh/tcsh:

setenv CFLAGS '-O -ansi -fPIC'

setenv CFLAGS '-O -m64 -ansi -fPIC'

Fortran compiler

bash/ksh:

export FC=gfortran

csh/tcsh:

setenv FC gfortran

FFLAGS

Fortran compile flags

bash/ksh:

export FFLAGS='-fPIC'

csh/tcsh:

setenv FFLAGS '-fPIC'

F90

Fortran 90 compiler

bash/ksh:

export FC=gfortran

csh/tcsh:

setenv FC gfortran

F90FLAGS

Fortran 90 compile flags

bash/ksh:

export F90FLAGS='-fPIC'

export F90FLAGS='-m64 -fPIC'

csh/tcsh:

setenv F90FLAGS '-fPIC'

setenv F90FLAGS '-m64 -fPIC'

CXX

C++ compiler

bash/ksh:

export CXX=g++

csh/tcsh:

setenv CXX g++

CXXFLAGS

C++ compile flags

bash/ksh:

export CXXFLAGS='-O -ansi -fPIC'

export CXXFLAGS='-O -m64 -ansi -fPIC'

csh/tcsh:

setenv CXXFLAGS '-O -ansi -fPIC'

setenv CXXFLAGS '-O -m64 -ansi -fPIC'

CPPFLAGS

preprocessor compile flags

bash/ksh:

export CPPFLAGS='-DNDEBUG'

csh/tcsh:

setenv CXXFLAGS '-DNDEBUG'

Install X11 developer libraries and include files

In order to build some of the X applications that are part of NCL (like idt), you must have some of the X11 developer's libraries installed on your system. At a minimum, you should have the following libraries (and associated include files) installed on your system: X11, Xaw, Xext, Xm, Xmu, Xt.

These libraries are usually installed as part of an X developer's package, and will reside in a directory like /usr/lib, /usr/lib64, /usr/X11R6/lib, or /usr/X11R6/lib64.

For Linux systems, you can get these libraries using a command like one of the following:

   sudo apt-get install x11-dev
   sudo apt-get install xorg-dev
   sudo apt-get install libx11-dev
   yum install libx11-devel

Download and build non-optional external software

The software listed below is not optional if you plan to build NCL. If you are building NCAR Graphics only, then read the blurb next to each software package name to see if it is needed.

Once you download and install any external software to use with NCL, you must comply with the license of that software, regardless of what NCL's license is.

Note: it makes things easier if you install all of the external software needed (with the exception of the X11 libraries and X11 include files) to the same parent directory. This will be important later when you have to tell the NCL build system where all the external software has been installed.

We will use /usr/local in all of our examples below for installing external software. You may need to be "root" in order to have permission to install software to /usr/local. If you don't have the "root" password, then you may want to use a directory other than /usr/local, like a directory under your home directory.

JPEG -      not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.
            Download version 6b (jpeg-7 supposedly has some problems and we      haven't tried jpeg-8b or later)
            Once you have the jpeg source code, you can build and install it      with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            If you downloaded version 6b, you will      additionally need to do this:
            make      install-lib
            make install-headers
zlib -      not optional, but mostly likely already available on your system
            Download version 1.2.6 or later.
            Once you have the zlib source code, you can build and install it      with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            cairo software
            As of NCL V6.1.0, cairo is no longer an optional package. Cairo and      its supplemental packages are required for the new graphics display model      introduced in NCL and NCAR Graphics V6.1.0.
            Cairo and its supplemental packages may already be on your system      (Macs and Cygwin), so check this before you start building them.
            You can also install many of these packages on Linux systems using      a package installer like yum apt-get, or YaST,      and on a Mac system using MacPorts.      The package(s) to install have names like "libcairo-devel",      "libpixman-devel", "libfontconfig-devel", etc. It is      very likely that once you install "libcairo-devel", the other      packages will get installed automatically, so check for this before you      install all the packages.
            PNG      library - required
            Download version 1.2.x (not 1.4.x or 1.5.x!)
            Once you have the libpng source code, you can build and install it      with:
                   ./configure --with-pic      --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install
pkg-config -      Download version 0.25 or later.
            Once you have the pkg-config source code, you can build and install      it with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            Make sure that the location of pkg-config is on      your search path and library path. For example, if you installed      pkg-config to "/usr/local", then you also need to do the      following:
            From tcsh or csh:
            setenv      PKG_CONFIG_PATH /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig
            setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH      /usr/local/cairo/lib
            set path=(/usr/local/bin      $path)

            From ksh or bash:
            export      PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig
            export      LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cairo/lib
            export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH

            [On a Mac, use DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH instead of      LD_LIBRARY_PATH.]
fontconfig -      Download version 2.8.0 or later.
            Once you have the fontconfig source code, you can build and install      it with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install
FreeType -      Download version 2.4.4 or later.
            Once you have the FreeType source code, you can build and install      it with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install
pixman -      Download version 0.2x.x or later.
            Once you have the pixman source code, you can build and install it      with:
            Macs:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --disable-openmp      --disable-arm-iwmmxt \
                         --disable-dependency-tracking
            make all install

            Linux, Cygwin, others:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install
Expat -      Download version 2.0.1 or later.
            This software may not be needed, but the instructions are here in      case you need expat to get cairo support into NCL.
            Once you have the expat source code, you can build and install it      with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install
cairo -      Download version 1.10.2 or later.
            You can't build cairo until you have installed fontconfig,      FreeType, pixman, and pkg-config.
            Make sure the "pkg-config" you built is on your search      path. For example, if you installed it to /usr/local, then /usr/local/bin      needs to be in your search path.
            From tcsh or csh:
            setenv      PATH /usr/local/bin:$PATH
            which pkg-config

            From ksh or bash:
            export      PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH
            which pkg-config

            Once you have the cairo source code, you can      build and install it with:
            Linux, Cygwin, others:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            Macs:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --enable-quartz-font=no      --enable-quartz=no \
                   --enable-shared=no      --enable-static=yes
            make all install
NetCDF -      do not install if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.
            Download version 4.2 or      4.1.3.
            Please note that NetCDF classic      (sometimes referred to as NetCDF-3) and NetCDF-4      are different file formats      and have nothing to do with the version of the NetCDF software. NetCDF      software version 4.x      supports both NetCDF-3 and NetCDF-4 file formats, but as noted below, you      may have to set some flags in order to get support for both. NetCDF-4      files are actually written as HDF5 under the hood.
            Classic NetCDF-4 is      another supported format, which looks like NetCDF-3 files to the user,      but they allow for compression for potentially smaller files. Classic      NetCDF-4 files cannot be read by programs that only support NetCDF-3.
            NetCDF versions 4.1.1 and later support OPenDAP, and this is built      in by default. We recommend you use V4.2.x or later, but V4.1.x should      also work. NetCDF 4.x includes the UDUNITS-2 software, but the      stand-alone UDUNITS-2 library is more up-to-date so we recommend this      over the one that comes with NetCDF. See instructions on      building and installing UDUNITS-2.
            This software can be built different ways: with or without NetCDF-4      support and with or without OPeNDAP support. NetCDF-4 support gives you      support for groups, unlimited dimensions, file compression, and compound      structures. OPeNDAP support allows you to read NetCDF files served on the      web by OPeNDAP servers. We recommend building with both NetCDF-4 and      OPeNDAP support.
            Decide which version you want to build and follow one of the four      set of instructions:
            1. Without "classic"      NetCDF-4 support, without OPeNDAP support
                   ./configure --disable-dap --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            2. Without "classic"      NetCDF-4 support, with OPeNDAP support
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            3. With "classic"      NetCDF-4 support, with OPeNDAP support
            You first need to download and install the following packages:

zlib - see instructions above.

szip -      Download version 2.1 or later. (Click on "External Libraries Used By      HDF5".)
            The szip 2.x      software is available from same page where you download HDF-5. Use this      version, rather than the one on the official szip page.
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install >&      make-output
HDF-5 -      Download version 1.8.6 or later.
                   ./configure --with-zlib=/usr/local --with-szlib=/usr/local      --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install >&      make-output
libcurl
            Download version 7.24.x or later. Once you have the source code,      you can build and install it with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --with-zlib=/usr/local      --with-pic
            make all install >&      make-output

            Then, build NetCDF as follows and be sure to      include the "--enable-netcdf-4" option:
                   ./configure --with-hdf5=/usr/local --with-zlib=/usr/local      --with-szlib=/usr/local \
                   --prefix=/usr/local      --enable-netcdf-4
            make all install >&      make-output

            Note that OPeNDAP support will be built in by      default. This means that you may need the "curl" library later      when building NCL. This library may already be on your system.
            4. With "classic"      NetCDF-4 support, without OPeNDAP support
            Follow the instructions above, but you don't need      "libcurl", and include "--disable-dap" on the above      configure line for NetCDF.
            Troubleshooting for either      NetCDF build:
            Note: if during the "make all install" phase of building      the NetCDF software you see an error message like:
            "cfortran.h", line 138.3: 1506-205      (S) #error cfortran.h: Can't find      your environment among:
                - MIPS cc and f77 2.0.      (e.g. Silicon Graphics, DECstations, ...)
            . . .
            make[3]: *** [fort-attio.lo] Error 1

            then you need to "help" the NetCDF      build recognize your system by adding the appropriate "-D"      macro definition to your CPPFLAGS line. The error message above suggests      some of them for you, or you can go to the "Other Builds of      the NetCDF Package" page for some tips.
            For example, if you are on an IBM/AIX system, you might need the      "-DIBMR2Fortran" flag, and you can set it with:
            [if CPPFLAGS is already set]:
            setenv CPPFLAGS       '$CPPFLAGS -DIBMR2Fortran'

            or
            export CPPFLAGS='$CPPFLAGS      -DIBMR2Fortran'

            [if CPPFLAGS is not already set]:
            setenv CPPFLAGS       -DIBMR2Fortran

            or
            export CPPFLAGS=-DIBMR2Fortran
HDF-4 -      if you want to build NCAR Graphics only, then HDF-4 is optional, unless      you need HDF support in ctrans, ictrans,      and idt.
            Download version 4.2.5 or later. (HDF version 5.x.y is a different software package).
            Important note: By      default, the HDF-4 include files get installed to $prefix/include. Since      this could cause some netCDF include files to get overwritten, you must use the "--includedir"      option to install the HDF include files instead to $prefix/include/hdf.
            Build and install HDF-4 with:
            ./configure --prefix=/usr/local      --with-zlib=/usr/local \
                   --with-jpeg=/usr/local      --includedir=/usr/local/include/hdf \
                   --disable-netcdf
            make all install

            Note: if you are having problems with      "make", one user reported that he used "gmake"      instead.
            The paths used for the "--with-zlib" and      "--with-jpeg" options must be set to whatever you used above      for these two software packages. If you choose to build HDF-4 with the      szip compression library, be sure to add      "--with-szip=/usr/local" (or whatever location you used when      building it) to the configuration process.

Download and build optional external software, if needed

Again, as with the above section, it makes things easier if you install all of the external software needed to the same parent directory. We will use /usr/local in all of our examples below for installing external software.

GRIB2 software - not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.

If you need support for reading GRIB2 files, then you will need to download and install the following packages.

Jasper -      Download version 1.900 or later.
            Once you have the Jasper source code, you can build and install it      with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

libpng - see instructions above.
g2clib - normally you would download this software from http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/GRIB2/, but there were a few bugs we had to fix. Download the g2clib-1.2.3-patch.tar.gz file instead.
Once you have this modified g2clib source code, make changes to "makefile" to:

change the compiler (CC line) and flags (CFLAGS lines)
make sure the DEFS line has both "-DUSE_JPEG2000" and "-DUSE_PNG"
if on a 64-bit system (x86_64, ia64, etc), make sure the DEFS line also has "-D__64BIT__" (that's two underscores before and after)
add the appropriate location of the Jasper/libpng include      files to the "INC" line
            Now type:
            make all
            mv libgrib2c.a      /usr/local/lib
            cp grib2.h      /usr/local/include

GDAL/PROJ.4 software - not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.

If you need support for reading shapefile, mapinfo, TIGER, etc, file formats, then you will need to download and install the following two packages.

PROJ.4 -      Cartographic Projections Library - Download version 4.7.0 or later.
            Once you have the PROJ.4 source code, you can build and install it      with:
                   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --enable-static=yes      --enable-shared=no
            make all install
GDAL -      Geospatial Data Abstraction Library - Download version 1.9.0 or later.
            Important note about GDAL:      this software contains its own versions of the GRIB2 library (g2clib) and      the HDF4/HDF5 libraries. It's important that you do NOT compile these      versions of the libraries, but rather the ones as instructed elsewhere on      this page. To turn off the build of these libraries inside of the GDAL      software requires including several "--without-xxxx" options:
                   ./configure --with-static-proj4=/usr/local --prefix=/usr/local      --without-pam
                  --with-png=/usr/local      --with-gif=internal --with-libtiff=internal
                  --with-geotiff=internal      --with-jpeg=/usr/local --with-libz=/usr/local
                  --with-sqlite3=no      --with-expat=no --with-curl=no --without-ld-shared
                  --with-hdf4=no      --with-hdf5=no --with-pg=no --without-grib
                  --with-freexl=no      --with-geos=no

            make all install

HDF-EOS 2 software - not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.

If you need support for reading HDF-EOS 2 files, then you will need to download and install the following packages:

HDF-EOS 2 -      Download version 2.18 or later.
            You may need to edit the file "bin/INSTALL-HDFEOS" to      make sure it uses the correct compilers and compile options. Then run:
                   bin/INSTALL-HDFEOS

            Answer questions about location of HDF-4 lib      and include files. You must include the "hdf" subdir for the      HDF4 include directory (for example, "/usr/local/include/hdf").
            Pay attention to where "libhdfeos.a" file gets installed      under the hdfeos/lib directory (for example,      "hdfeos/lib/linux64"), and copy or move this file to your      library installation directory. Do the same for the include files. Do not copy libGctp.a! For example, on a 64-bit linux      machine, you would type:
            mv      lib/linux64/libhdfeos.a /usr/local/lib/.
            cp include/*.h      /usr/local/include/.

gctp - this source should be part of the HDF-EOS2 software you just downloaded, in a directory "gctp/src".
cd gctp/src
Copy the appropriate makexxxx file to "makefile".
Make "makefile" writable:
chmod u+rw makefile
Edit "makefile" and change LIBDIR appropriately (/usr/local/lib), and change the library name from "libgctpxxxx.a" to "libGctp.a" in all locations in this file (there's more than one reference).
Copy some include files to the same directory you're in:
cp ../include/*.h .
Type:
make

HDF-EOS 5 software - not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.

If you need support for reading HDF-EOS 5 files, then you will need to download and install the following packages:

szip - see instructions above.
HDF5 - see instructions above.

HDF-EOS 5 -      Download version 1.14 or later.
            Once you have the HDF-EOS 5 source code, you can build and install      it with:
                   ./configure CC=/usr/local/bin/h5cc --with-hdf5=/usr/local      --with-zlib=/usr/local
                        --with-szlib=/usr/local --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            Note that if you have settings in your CFLAGS,      you can include these by enclosing them with '':
                   ./configure CC=/usr/local/bin/h5cc --with-hdf5=/usr/local      --with-zlib=/usr/local
                        --with-szlib=/usr/local --prefix=/usr/local
            make all install

            You will also have to hand-copy two include      files:
            cp      include/HE5_GctpFunc.h include/HE5_HdfEosDef.h /usr/local/include/.

Triangle software - not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.

If you need to use the Triangle code (for generating triangular meshes that you can contour), then you will need to download the source code, and copy over only the files "triangle.c" and "triangle.h" to the $NCL/ni/src/lib/hlu directory in the NCL source tree (you may not have downloaded the NCL source code yet, so wait until you get to this part to copy over the two files).

Note that Triangle has a more restrictive license than NCL's license which disallows you from selling any source code or product that contains Triangle. If you build NCL with Triangle included, you will be bound by Triangle's license.

UDUNITS-2 - not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.

If you need the conversion functions ut_calendar and ut_inv_calendar, then you need to install UDUNITS-2.

Download the Udunits 2.x (not 1.x!) source code. Once you have the source code, you can build and install it with:

setenv PERL "" # export PERL=""
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make all install >& make-output

Setting the PERL environment variable to an empty string prevents the perl interface from being built, which is not needed for NCL.

Vis5D+ software - not needed if you are only doing an NCAR Graphics build.

If you need to use any of the v5d_xxx functions (see the "V" section of the NCL function list), then you need to install Vis5d+.

Download the vis5d+ source code. Once you have the source code, you can build and install it with:

./configure --prefix=/usr/local --with-netcdf=/usr/local/lib/libnetcdf.a
make all install >& make-output

Download the source code for NCL

Accessing, downloading, and/or using NCL implies acceptance of NCL source code license, which is based on the OSI Apache License, Version 2.0 license.

To download the NCL source code, follow the instructions at the URL:

http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/Download/

The NCL source code you download will be a single compressed tar file (we'll call it "ncl_ncarg-6.1.2.tar.gz"). Move the "ncl_ncarg-6.1.2.tar.gz" file to a temporary directory where you have plenty of disk space (around 250 megabytes to hold all of the source code, object files, binaries, and so on). Then, uncompress and untar the file as follows:

tar -zxvf ncl_ncarg-6.1.2.tar.gz

The above steps will create a directory called "ncl_ncarg-6.1.2". For convenience, we'll use the notation $NCARG to mean the top level of the NCL/NCAR Graphics source tree. Set the environment variable NCARG to the full path of this directory. For example, if you untarred the files from the directory /usr/local/src, then you would do one of the following: From tcsh or csh:

setenv NCARG /usr/local/src/ncl_ncarg-6.1.2

From ksh or bash:

export NCARG=/usr/local/src/ncl_ncarg-6.1.2

sh:

NCARG=/usr/local/src/ncl_ncarg-6.1.2
export NCARG

Note: there's a minor bug in one of the yMakefiles in the source code. If you plan to build NCL with GDAL support turned off, you will need to download this yMakefile.ncl.fix file, rename it to "yMakefile", and put it in the $NCARG/ni/src/ncl directory before you start the build.

Be sure to see the troubleshooting section below for any known problems or tips.

Customize NCL build environment

Test if your system is      recognized by NCL build environment
            Before you try to build NCL, you need to quickly check if your      system will be recognized by the NCL build environment. Type:
            cd      $NCARG/config
            make -f Makefile.ini
            ./ymake -config `pwd`

            (Note that the ticks around "pwd" are      back ticks.)
            If no output is echoed to the screen, then this means your system      is recognized by the NCL build environment. Go to the very next section,      "Get name of      configuration file."
            If, however, you get a message:
            ymake: system unknown

            then go to Appendix A      for information on modifying some files in the $NCARG/config directory so      they recognize your system. Then you can come back to this section.
Get name of configuration file
            If no output is echoed to the screen from the "ymake"      command in the previous section, then this most likely means that the NCL      build environment recognizes your system. Just to be certain, you can      check the name of the configuration file that the NCL build is going to      use by typing (in the same directory):
            grep SYSTEM_INCLUDE      Makefile

            This should echo something like:
            SYSTEM_INCLUDE               = "Darwin"

            which means "Darwin" is the name of the      configuration file it will use in the $NCARG/config directory.
Modify system configuration file to change default      values
            Now that you have the name of the configuration file that's going      to be used in the "$NCARG/config" directory, you may need to      edit this file and make changes to it. The "README" in the same      directory has a description of some available configuration files that      you can copy from.
            When modifying your configuration file, pay particular attention to      how the following macros are being set:

CCompiler

The C compiler

FCompiler

The Fortran compiler

CcOptions

C compiler options (besides the optimize flag)

FcOptions

Fortran compiler options (besides the optimize flag)

COptimizeFlag

C optimize flag(s) (the default is "-O")

FOptimizeFlag

Fortran optimize flag(s) (the default is "-O")

ExtraSysLibraries

Extra system libraries that might be needed to get executables to link

CtoFLibraries

Extra Fortran libraries that might be needed to get executables to link ("-lgfortran" is one example, if you are using the gfortran Fortran compiler)

NgCallF

The macro for handling how Fortran routine names are named in the library.

and change or add them as desired.

If you don't see these macros being defined in your system configuration file, then that means that the default value, which is defined in the $NCARG/config/Template file, is being used. To change the default, just add it to your system configuration file with the new value.

For example, on LINUX systems, the default C and Fortran compilers are "gcc" and "gfortran". If you want to change this to "icc" and "ifort", then modify the file $NCARG/config/LINUX, and add the line:

#define CCompiler icc
#define FCompiler ifort

along with the other macro definitions.

Build NCL from source code

In order to build NCL from source, you must have a Fortran compiler that can compile both Fortran 77 and 90 code, and an ANSI C compiler.

Here are the general steps for building NCL from source:

Run Configure script

Before you build and install NCL, you need to run a script called "Configure" to answer several questions about where you want the software installed, what optional software you want to include, and the location of the optional software.

Enter the following commands to run this script:

cd $NCARG
./Configure -v

If Configure doesn't recognize your system, it will quit right away with an error message. Otherwise, it will start asking you several questions.

If it quits with an error message that indicates it doesn't recognize your system, then read and follow the instructions in the section on Test if your system is recognized by the NCL build environment before running Configure again.

If Configure does recognize your system, then answer all of the questions about where you want the software installed, whether you want support for HDF4-EOS, HDF5-EOS, cairo, etc, and so on.

One of the final questions is to list the paths to your local libraries and include files. It's important to include the paths to the external software you want support for, like cairo, HDF-EOS5, GRIB2, etc.

Be sure to include the path to the freetype include files, which will be in a directory like "/usr/local/include/freetype2".

Once you have finished running Configure, you should get a message indicating that the configuration process is complete, and that you can start building and installing the software. First verify that you have the correct compilers, options, and paths by typing:

make Info

If everything looks okay, then you can skip the next few sections and go directly to "Start the build and install process."

If the installation paths look wrong, then rerun Configure and reenter the installation paths.

If something else looks wrong, like the name of the compilers or the compiler options listed, then go back to the section "Modify system configuration file to change default values", or read the next few sections on notes for specific systems.

Special note for Linux systems

The default configuration file for Linux is "LINUX". You need to edit this file for i386, i686, x86_64, and ia64 systems. There are several LINUX.xxxx sample configuration files to help you modify this file for your purpose. Also, see the "README" file in the "config" directory for more information.

If you are using the "gcc" and "gfortran" compilers to build NCL, then you will need to include something like:

#define CtoFLibraries -lgfortran

in the $NCARG/config/LINUX file. You may also need to indicate the path to the gfortran library with the -L option:

#define CtoFLibraries -L/usr/local/lib -lgfortran

"/usr/local/lib" is just an example. You will need to find "libgfortran.so" or "libgfortran.a" on your system and use this path.

If you are using "gcc" and "g95" to compile NCL, then you need to do the same thing, except use "-lf95" in place of "-lgfortran". Ditto for if you are using the Intel compilers "icc" and "ifort", you may need "-lifcore".

Special note for MacOSX systems

The default file for an Intel MacOSX system is "Darwin_Intel". If "uname -m" reports "i386" or "x86_64" on your system, then this is the file you want to modify.

The default configuration file for a PPC MacOSX system is "Darwin". If "uname -m" reports "Power Macintosh", then this is the file you want to modify.

There are are other Darwin.xxxx and Darwin_Intel.xxxx sample configuration files. You can use any one of these to help you modify Darwin or Darwin_Intel for your purpose.

If you have an Intel Mac running MacOS 10.6 or later, then your Mac is probably 64-bit, and you need to copy the "Darwin_Intel.64" file to "Darwin_Intel" and modify it as necessary.

To build NCL on an MacOSX system, you must first install a few supplemental packages:

MacOSX Developer Tools (Xcode)
            This is usually available on one of the installer CDs that came      with your Mac. Or, if you have a "/Developers/Tools" directory,      cd to that directory and search for a PDF file that will contain instructions      on how to install the Developer's Tools.
            If you don't have the directory or the CD, you can get this      software from the http://connect.apple.com site. (You may need to create an account with them first.)      Once you are logged in, click on "Download Software", and then      "Mac OS X". You should then see a link for downloading the      Developer's Tools.
MacPorts
MacPorts supplies a program called "port", which is a highly useful application for easily downloading software for Macs. (See next section on how to install gfortran.)
GNU fortran compiler (gfortran)
            If you don't have a Fortran compiler, then you can try using the      MacPorts command "port" to get one. Type something like:
                port      install gfortran

            If this fails, you can use the "list"      command to see what gfortran packages are available:
                port      list gfortran

            If "port" doesn't work, then you can      download and install precompiled MacOSX compilers from the HPC website,      the gcc/gfortran      binaries wiki or the g95 website.
X11 server
An X11 server will enable you to display NCL graphical output to your screen. We recommend that you use Apple's X11 server, which should already be installed on your Mac, or may be available on one of your installation CDs.

NCL will build on a MacOSX system using the GNU compilers. It may build using different compilers, but we've only lately used gcc and gfortran.

Be sure to see the "Running NCL under MacOSX" document for more notes.

Special note for Cygwin systems

Before you can build any software on a Windows/Cygwin system, you need to install a number of software packages via the "setup.exe" X/Cygwin program. See the "Installing NCL under Windows/Cygwin/X" page for a full description of what you need and how to download it.

Special note for AIX systems

The configuration file for AIX is called "AIX_RS6000". If you are building on an AIX system in 32-bit addressing mode, then you need to edit this file and change the appropriate options. See "AIX_RS6000.32" for a sample.

You can also setenv the OBJECT_MODE environment variable to 64 or 32, and this will compile everything in that mode without having to set any compiler options. It is important that you use the same mode for building all the external software packages as well, because you can't mix and match 32 and 64-bit objects.

There is a "32_64" mode available, but we haven't tried this with building NCL, and it appears to be not recommended that you do this.

Special note for IRIX systems

The configuration file for SGI/IRIX is called "SGI_IRIX". If you are building on an IRIX system in 32-bit mode, then you need to edit this file and change the appropriate options. See "SGI_IRIX.n32" for a sample.

Start the build and install process

Once you've run "Configure", and "make Info" gives you the correct information, you can initiate the build and install process by typing:

cd $NCARG
make Everything >& make-output &

Be patient; this can take from thirty minutes to a few hours depending on your machine and its current load. During the installation, you may examine the contents of the make-output file with the command:

tail -f make-output

If you encounter errors during the build process, you can restart without losing any of the work already accomplished. Refer to the section "Restarting the installation" for details about recovering from errors that occur during installation.

Check that the installation was successful

To test that your build of NCL was successful, test the list of files installed on your system against the master list of NCL/NCAR Graphics files. If you just built and installed NCAR Graphics, then check your files against this smaller list of NCAR Graphics files.

If it looks like not all the files were installed, then take a look at the make-output file, and check for words like "fatal" or "error". Don't worry too much about warnings, unless they are followed by errors.

If you find an error, try to determine the nature of the error, make any necessary adjustments, and either start the build from scratch or from where it left off.

If the nature of the error appears to be something like an option not being included on every compile line, then you need to change the system configuration file in $NCARG/config, add the necessary option(s), and restart the build from scratch (using a different output file):

cd $NCARG
make Everything >& make-output.2

If the nature of the error is such that you just need to tweak a particular file or Makefile somewhere in the NCL/NCARG Graphics source tree, then cd to the problem directory, make the change, and then type the following to recompile the local change (to make sure your change was successful) and start the build from where it left off:

    make me
    make includes depend all install
    cd $NCARG
    make all install >>& make-output

See Appendix B for more information on editing configuration files and restarting the installation.

Set up your environment to use NCL and/or NCAR Graphics

Once the build process is complete, you need to do the following before you can start using NCL or NCAR Graphics:

Set the environment variable NCARG_ROOT to the parent directory of where you installed everything.
Make sure "$NCARG_ROOT/bin" is on your search path.
Make sure "$NCARG_ROOT/man" is on your man path.
Copy a .hluresfile to your home directory (NCL only).

Here's an example (using csh) that assumes you installed everything to the parent directory /usr/local:

setenv NCARG_ROOT /usr/local

setenv PATH $NCARG_ROOT/bin:$PATH

setenv MANPATH $NCARG_ROOT/man:$MANPATH

Here's an example for bash or ksh:

export NCARG_ROOT=/usr/local

export PATH=$NCARG_ROOT/bin:$PATH

export MANPATH=$NCARG_ROOT/man:$MANPATH

Test the NCL and/or NCAR Graphics installation

You can quickly test if NCL is installed properly by typing "ncl" with the "-V" option to get the version, and then running a quick program:

ncl -V
ng4ex gsun01n

The ng4ex command will copy an NCL script called gsun01n.ncl into your current working directory, and run it with NCL. An X11 window should pop up with an XY plot drawn on it. Click on this plot with your left mouse button to keep advancing to the next frame.

Once this file is in your directory, you can also run it yourself with:

ncl gsun01n.ncl

If "ncl" seems to be working, then this indicates that your build of NCAR Graphics was at least mostly successful, since NCL depends on the NCAR Graphics libraries.

To test NCAR Graphics only, there's an extensive suite of examples available. You should refer to the NCAR Graphics Fundamentals. It will show you how to run examples and test programs, and how to view the resulting graphics. Using the ncargex and ctrans programs is the easiest way to test the installation and become familiar with the use of NCAR Graphics.

For a quick test, try the following:

ncargex cpex08
ctrans -d X11 cpex08.ncgm

The first command will copy a file called cpex08.f into your current working directory, compile, link, and execute it, and create a graphics file called cpex08.ncgm. The second command will display the graphic on an X11 window on your screen. You must have your DISPLAY environment variable set correctly for this command to work. Left-click on the X11 window to make the graphic go away.

Troubleshooting and known problems

This section is for people trying to build NCL/NCAR Graphics from source code. Many of these instructions apply to older versions of the source code, and may not be needed for versions 5.1.x and higher.

In the version 6.1.0 source code, there's a bug in the $NCARG/ni/src/ncl/yMakefile file. If you plan to build NCL with GDAL support turned off, you will need to download this yMakefile.ncl.fix file, rename it to "yMakefile", and put it in the $NCARG/ni/src/ncl directory before you start the build.
This has been fixed in V6.1.1/V6.1.2, so do not download the file for that version.
We've had problems building some of the supplemental code (the      fontcaps, for one) for NCL using the Intel icc/ifort compilers, and had      to use gcc/gfortran instead.
            If you still want to try the icc/ifort compilers, and      "icc" can't find the "ifcore" library, then you may      need to include a "-L" option that includes the path to this      library in your configuration file in $NCARG/config.
            For example, if you are on a LINUX system and      "libifcore.{a.so}" is in /opt/intel/fc/10.1.013/lib, then edit      $NCARG/config/LINUX and change the CtoFLibraries line to have:
            #define CtoFLibraries        -lm -L/opt/intel/fc/10.1.013/lib -lifcore
If you get the following errors when building      the code in the $NCARG/ni/src/ncl directory:
            cp lex.yy.c scanner.c
            gcc -ansi -g -I../../.././include      -I/Users/fredclare/include -I/
            Users/fredclare/include/hdf -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/sw/include -I/usr/
            X11R6/include/X11 -DDarwin      -DMAJOR=9       -DSYSV      -D_POSIX_SOURCE -
            D_XOPEN_SOURCE -DByteSwapped -DNeedFuncProto    -c -o scanner.o scanner.c
            lex.yy.c: In function ~Qyy_get_next_buffer~R:
            lex.yy.c:2099: error: ~Qyy_current_buffer~R undeclared (first use      in this
            function)
            lex.yy.c:2099: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only      once
            lex.yy.c:2099: error: for each function it appears in.)
            make: *** [scanner.o] Error 1

            then your problem may be with flex. You can try      our version of flex. Download the flex.tar.gz      file, and then do the following to build a new flex:
               gzcat      flex.tar.gz | tar -xf -
               cd flex-2.5.3
               ./configure

            This should create a "flex"      executable. Move this executable to somewhere that's on your search path      already (like maybe $NCARG_ROOT/bin). Make sure that you are getting this      flex and not the system one by typing:
                     rehash
                which flex

            A user reported that he had trouble compiling      flex with "gcc -O2", but that it worked with the Intel      "icc" compiler, using "icc -O0 -g". He didn't try      "gcc -O0", which you may want to try if flex is core dumping.
            Now, you can test if the "ncl" executable will build:
               cd      $NCARG/ni/src/ncl
               make clean includes depend      all install

            If the file "ncl" builds, then you      can start your build from where it left off with:
               cd      $NCARG
               make all install      >>& make-output &

            Of course, you can send the output from      "make" to whatever file you like.
If you get the following errors when you try to compile a      Fortran or C NCAR Graphics program:
            /usr/local/ncarg/lib/libncarg_gks.a(gziqwk.o):      In function `gziqwk_':
            gziqwk.f:(.text+0x187):      undefined reference to `ggkwdr_'
            /usr/local/ncarg/lib/libncarg_gks.a(gztowk.o):      In function `gztowk_':
            gztowk.f:(.text+0x295):      undefined reference to `ggkwdr_'
            gztowk.f:(.text+0x7d7):      undefined reference to `ggkwdr_'
            gztowk.f:(.text+0xc30):      undefined reference to `ggkwdr_'

            then try this:
               cd      $NCARG/ncarg2d/src/libncarg_gks
               rm awi/ggkwdr_stub.o
               make all install
If you are seeing errors in your compilation that mention      "conflicting types for wchar_t", then add:
            -D__UNIXOS2__

            (those are two double underscores on the front and the end) to      the "StdDefines" line in your configuration file in      $NCARG/config (most likely the LINUX or one of the Darwin files in that      directory), and rerun "make Everything".

Appendix A - Modify configuration files to recognize your system

You only need to read this section if $NCARG/ymake did not recognize your system. (We'll refer to this as an unsupported system.) If the Configure script recognized your system, then skip to the section "Modify system configuration file to change default values".

The three steps you'll need to follow before building NCL on an unsupported system are:

Modify the "ymake" file to recognize your system.
Set up a configuration file.
Modify machine-dependent routines (if necessary).

Once you've completed these three steps, then you need to run the Configure script again as described in the "Run Configure script" section.

1. Modify the "ymake" file to recognize your system

For the first step, modify the file $NCARG/config/ymake and go to the lines that read:

# Figure out what kind of system we are on. We need to know the OS
# and the machine architecture.

Notice that the UNIX command "uname" is used to determine the architecture type and operating system name. Once you figure out what the various options that uname reports on your system, add your machine architecture and operating system names to the case statements that follow in the same manner as the other systems are done. You also need to come up with a name for your configuration file. This is the value you'll give to the "sysincs" variable. An example will be provided below after step 2.

2. Set up a configuration file

For the second step, cd to $NCARG/config and prepare a configuration file for your system that has the same name you used for the "sysincs" variable in the ymake file. Use one of the existing configuration files as a foundation (for example, "Sun4Solaris"). You will notice several macros being defined in the configuration file. You only need to define a macro if you want it to be something different than what is defined in the "Template" file. The Template file is where all the default values are set. For example, the default Fortran compiler is set to "f77" in the Template file. If your Fortran compiler is called "gfortran", then you would add the following line to your configuration file:

#define FCompiler gfortran

To see what other macros are available and what the default values are set to, see the Template file. In particular, you may need to change the following macros:

    CCompiler
    FCompiler
    ExtraSysLibraries
    CcOptions
    FcOptions
    NgCallF

Example on how to modify ymake file and set up configuration file

As an example for the first two steps, suppose you are trying to build a configuration file for a Koblinsky Systems Inc. SlothStation running ChaOS version 5.4. Assume that the command "uname -s" returns "ChaOS" and that "uname -m" returns "Sloth999". Modify the file $NCARG/config/ymake and add:

case ChaOS:

right after the first occurrence of the statement:

switch ("$foo")

You should now see something like:

    switch ("$foo")
    case ChaOS:
    case SunOS:
    case AIX:
    ...

Then, after the first occurrence of the statement:

switch("$opsys")

add the lines:

    case ChaOS:
        set os      = $opsys
        set arch    = $mach
        set sysincs = Sloth
        set vendor = Koblinsky
    breaksw

and after the second occurrence add:

case ChaOS:

where appropriate to get the correct major and minor operating system version numbers defined.

Let's further assume that this system is similar to a Sun workstation running Solaris, so use the Sun4Solaris configuration file as a foundation:

cd $NCARG/config
cp Sun4Solaris Sloth

The file name "Sloth" is used because this is the value we gave to the "sysincs" variable above. Make any obvious changes to the file "Sloth". As mentioned above, you may need to change the following macros:

    CCompiler
    FCompiler
    ExtraSysLibraries
    CcOptions
    FcOptions
    NgCallF

Of particular note is the "NgCallF" macro. First, a little background: the NCL code is predominantly Fortran code, but the Fortran code relies on a number of C support routines. Since not all systems support the same calling conventions (for example, some systems require an underscore after a Fortran routine name, while others require the name to be in uppercase), the installation system is programmed to apply the macro "NgCallF" to all Fortran-called C code.

The default value of this macro handles the case where an underscore is appended after the Fortran routine name, so you won't need to define this macro if this is the behavior of your compiler. If, however, your compiler does not append an underscore (the IBM xlf/xlf90 compilers are two such examples), then you need to set this macro as follows:

NgCallF reg

If your compiler converts the Fortran routine name to uppercase (this is the case with old Cray and the Absoft ProFortran compilers), then you need to set the macro to:

NgCallF caps

3. Modify machine-dependent routines

There are some machine dependent routines that you may need to modify to indicate things like the standard input/output units, the number of bits per integer, the smallest positive magnitude, and so on. All of these machine-dependent requirements have been isolated in several subroutines and it may be necessary to modify these subroutines before building the software.

The routines in question are:

    GBYTES ISHIFT
    G01MIO I1MACH
    IAND    R1MACH
    IOR     SBYTES

These routines are referred to as "low-level support routines" in the remainder of this section. Complete functional descriptions for these routines appear in the section "Machine-dependent support routines". Examples of implementations of all of these subroutines except G01MIO are given in the directory:

$NCARG/common/src/libncarg_c

A Fortran implementation of the support routine G01MIO is contained in the directory:

$NCARG/ncarg2d/src/libncarg_gks/bwi

G01MIO is the basic I/O routine for NCAR's GKS package, and it is not used anywhere else but in that package.

The subroutines in the above two directories are examples only. These examples may help you, and some may actually run on your machine, but care must be taken to ensure that the implemented routines satisfy the functional descriptions as given in the "Machine-dependent support routines" section. Some of the examples given are coded in C.

There is source code for creating an executable for testing implementations of the low-level routines in the directory:

$NCARG/ncarg2d/src/bin/impltest

The source in this directory may require changes only when moving to a machine with a word size other than 32 or 64.

This directory contains a program called "tlocal" that can be used to test the implementations of IOR, IAND, ISHIFT, GBYTES, and SBYTES. Read the prologue documentation in the code for tlocal for implementation instructions. Success or failure messages will be issued to Fortran unit 6. There are no tests for I1MACH and R1MACH, but the success of the tlocal test depends on proper implementation of I1MACH and R1MACH. Constants for I1MACH and R1MACH for a large number of computers appear in the comment cards of I1MACH and R1MACH. If constants for your host computer appear there, simply uncomment the appropriate cards for your implementation of I1MACH and R1MACH. Otherwise be very careful to implement I1MACH and R1MACH correctly since there is no test for them. The support routine G01MIO is used only by NCAR's GKS package, and no test for it is provided in tlocal.

Since many of the low-level support routines are executed frequently throughout the package, efficient versions are desirable. There are portable Fortran versions of GBYTES and SBYTES in the directory:

$NCARG/common/src/libncarg_c

but they run very slowly. GBYTES and SBYTES are used primarily in the NCGM translator; machine-language versions of these routines could greatly speed up the translator. Machine-language versions of IAND, IOR, and ISHIFT are also desirable.

Appendix B - General information on build process

This section contains general information on building NCL that you may find useful. It includes information on:

Configuration files

Configuration files contain make macros. At installation time, these macros are used by ymake to construct all of the Makefiles for building NCL and NCAR Graphics. Any change you make in your configuration file will cause a change in your Makefile(s), if you run something like "make Everything", "make Makefiles", or "make me" to regenerate the Makefile(s). Refer to the "ymake" section for more information.

Configuration files reside in the directory $NCARG/config. They have names like "LINUX" and "Darwin_Intel" to indicate the machine on which they operate. For example, If you are on any kind of system running LINUX, you should make changes to the file $NCARG/config/LINUX. See the "README" file in this directory for more information about the various configuration files.

A few of the macros are quite likely to change from system to system, but most are not. The Configure script allows the installer to make some of these minor changes to the configuration file without editing it. You must be running csh in order to run Configure.

Restarting the installation

The standard build process is initiated by telling make to build the "Everything" target, which results in a series of actions. First, a hierarchy of Makefiles is constructed, based on your system configuration. Next, all old object code is removed, dependencies are created, and then compilation, the most time-consuming step, begins. Finally, libraries and executables are built and then installed. This can take from thirty minutes to a few hours. If you encounter an error along the way, it is very important that you avoid wasting the work that has already been done. There are other targets besides "Everything". The following targets may be used to gracefully restart the installation process:

    Everything = (Makefiles, clean, all, install)
    All        = (Makefiles, all, install)
    all        = (compile and build libraries)
    install    = (move objects to destinations)
    clean      = (remove object files, core dumps, etc.)

If a compilation fails halfway through the install process and you have already created the Makefiles, cleaned out old object code, and compiled a large number of files, you may first correct the problem and then restart the install process. To correct the problem, you need to first look carefully at the error message in the make-output file. By looking at the last several lines of the make-output file, you should be able to determine which directory the make stopped in. For example, let's say see the following in your make-output file:

...
Making ./ncarview/src/lib/libncarg_ras
cc -Xc -O -I../../../.././include -I/usr/openwin/include -I/usr/dt/include -DBuildRasterHDF -DSUN -DBuildRasterHPPCL -DBuildRasterNrif -DBuildRasterSun -DBuildRasterXWD -DBuildRasterAVS -DBuildRasterSGI -DBuildRasterAbekas -DBuildRasterBinary -DBuildRasterYUV -DNGTMPDIR='"tmp"' -Dsun4 -DSUN -DSYSV -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED=1 -D__EXTENSIONS__ -DNeedFuncProto -c raster.c
cc -Xc -O -I../../../.././include -I/usr/openwin/include -I/usr/dt/include -DBuildRasterHDF -DSUN -DBuildRasterHPPCL -DBuildRasterNrif -DBuildRasterSun -DBuildRasterXWD -DBuildRasterAVS -DBuildRasterSGI -DBuildRasterAbekas -DBuildRasterBinary -DBuildRasterYUV -DNGTMPDIR='"tmp"' -Dsun4 -DSUN -DSYSV -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED=1 -D__EXTENSIONS__ -DNeedFuncProto -c hdf.c
"hdf.c", line 44: cannot find include file: <hdf/hdf.h>
"hdf.c", line 45: cannot find include file: <hdf/dfgr.h>
"hdf.c", line 192: cannot recover from previous errors
cc: acomp failed for hdf.c
*** Error code 2
make: Fatal error: Command failed for target `hdf.o'

You can see from the:

Making ./ncarview/src/lib/libncarg_ras

line that the make bombed in the directory "ncarview/src/lib/libncarg_ras". The error message here indicates that it can't find the HDF include files. To fix this problem, then, you would need to do one of three things:

Install HDF on your system (see the section "Download the source code or binaries for HDF"), and then also follow step #2.
If HDF is already installed on your system, run "Configure" and include the paths to HDF when it asks for local library and include directory search paths.
Run "Configure" and answer no to the question: "Build HDF support into raster library?".

In most cases, the fix just involves modifying source files and recompiling. If this is the case, then after you fix the source file(s), you can restart the install process by typing:

cd $NCARG
make all install >& make-output &

In our example above with the HDF software, the fix involved something that would affect the Makefiles. In this case, then, you need to regenerate the Makefiles. To do this, type:

cd $NCARG
make All >& make-output &

ymake

A utility named "ymake" is used by this package to generate the Makefile hierarchy.

A file named yMakefile exists in each directory and is converted to a regular Makefile using the C preprocessor and a collection of general and system-specific macros. The ymake system resides in $NCARG/config. This allows the redundant information in each Makefile to be isolated, in addition to providing Makefile conditionals. The C preprocessor knows what system it is running on. (The same technique is being employed in other systems, including MIT's X Window System.) If you need to change a Makefile, implement the changes in the yMakefile and then type:

make me

If you completely destroy a Makefile, you can usually recover by typing:

$NCARG/config/ymkmf

There is more information about ymake in the ymake man page which resides in the directory $NCARG/config.

Machine-dependent support routines

Following are functional descriptions of the required locally-implemented support routines. A test suite is distributed for this package so that an implementor may verify that the implementations are correct. The routine G01MIO is needed only if the NCAR GKS package is being implemented.

FUNCTION I1MACH(I)

This function is used to set up 16 machine constants.

I1MACH(1) = the standard input unit

I1MACH(2) = the standard output unit

I1MACH(3) = the standard punch unit

I1MACH(4) = the standard error message unit

I1MACH(5) = the number of bits per integer storage unit

I1MACH(6) = the number of characters per integer storage unit

Assume that integers are represented in the S-digit, base-A form:

SIGN*(X(S-1)*A**(S-1)+...+X(1)*A+X(0))

in which 0 .LT. X(I) .LT. A for I=0,...,S-1.

I1MACH(7) = A, the base

I1MACH(8) = S, the number of base-A digits

I1MACH(9) = A**S-1, the largest magnitude

Assume that floating-point numbers are represented in the T-digit, base-B form:

SIGN*(B**E)*((X(1)/B+...+(X(T)/B**T))

in which 0 .LT. X(1), and EMIN .LE. E .LE. EMAX.

I1MACH(10) = B, the base

Single-precision constants

I1MACH(11) = T, the number of base-B digits

I1MACH(12) = EMIN, the smallest exponent E

I1MACH(13) = EMAX, the largest exponent E

Double-precision constants

I1MACH(14) = T, the number of base-B digits

I1MACH(15) = EMIN, the smallest exponent E

I1MACH(16) = EMAX, the largest exponent E

FUNCTION R1MACH(I)

This function sets five single-precision machine constants:

R1MACH(1) = B**(EMIN-1), the smallest positive magnitude

R1MACH(2) = B**EMAX*(1-B**(-T)), the largest magnitude

R1MACH(3) = B**(-T), the smallest relative spacing

R1MACH(4) = B**(1-T), the largest relative spacing

R1MACH(5) = LOG10(B)

FUNCTION ISHIFT(IWORD,N)

IWORD is shifted by N bits. If N > 0, a left circular shift is performed (all bits are shifted left N bits, and the bits that are shifted out of the word to the left are shifted back into the word at the right). If N < 0, a right end-off shift is performed (all bits are shifted right by N bits, and the bits that are shifted out of the right of the word are lost)-if the leftmost bit is 0, then the vacated positions are filled with zeros; if the leftmost bit is 1, then the vacated positions are undefined. The implementor may assume that IABS(N) .LE. word_length.

FUNCTION IAND(K1,K2)

The bit-by-bit logical product of K1 and K2. If K3 = IAND(K1,K2), then the nth bit of K3 is 0 if the nth bit of either K1 or K2 is 0; otherwise the nth bit of K3 is 1. FUNCTION IOR(K1,K2) The bit-by-bit logical sum of K1 and K2. If K3 = IOR(K1,K2), then the nth bit of K3 is 0 if and only if the nth bit of both K1 and K2 is 0.

SUBROUTINE G01MIO(IOP,IUNIT,FNAME,IBUFF,LENGTH,IERROR)

This output routine is the central one for the metafile generator. A Fortran implementation of this subroutine is in the directory:

$NCARG/ncarg2d/src/libncarg_gks/bwi

Input arguments

IOP

Indicates type of operation desired: IOP = 1 means OPEN workstation for output on IABS(IUNIT). IOP = 2 means CLOSE workstation for output on IABS(IUNIT). IOP = 3 means write IBUF to IABS(IUNIT). IOP = 4 means read IABS(IUNIT) into IBUF. IOP = 5 means position the record pointer to the beginning of the file. IOP = 6 means position the record pointer to the beginning of the previous record.

IUNIT

IABS(IUNIT) is the Fortran logical unit number on which IOP is to occur.

FNAME

The filename to be used for the open operation.

IBUFF

Buffer containing data for a read or write operation.

LENGTH

Length of data in IBUFF, in integer words.

Output arguments

IERROR

Error indicator that equals 0 if no errors.

SUBROUTINE GBYTES(NPACK,ISAM,IBIT,NBITS,NSKIP,ITER)

This subroutine is used to unpack bit chunks from NPACK into the ISAM array. A portable Fortran version of this routine is distributed, but the Fortran version is inefficient and should be replaced with a more efficient implementation.

NPACK

Address of first word of the array to be unpacked. For the purposes of this subroutine, NPACK is viewed as a bit stream.

ISAM

Array to receive the unpacked bit chunks. They will be right justified with zero-fill in this array. ISAM should be dimensioned for ITER.

IBIT

A bit-count offset to be used before the first bit chunk is unpacked. For example, if IBIT=3, and NBITS=5, then 3 bits in NPACK will be skipped and the next 5 bits will be unpacked into ISAM(1).

NBITS

The number of bits in each bit chunk to be unpacked. An error condition occurs if NBITS is larger than the number of bits-per-word on the machine.

NSKIP

The number of bits to skip between each bit chunk to be unpacked. Bits are skipped only after the first bit chunk has been unpacked.

ITER

The number of bit chunks to be unpacked.

For example:

CALL GBYTES(NPB,ISB,3,6,9,2)

In this call, three bits would be skipped at the beginning of NPB; the next six bits would be unpacked into ISB(1) and right-justified with zero-fill; nine bits would be skipped in NPB, and then the next six bits of NPB would be unpacked into ISB(2) and right-justified with zero-fill.

SUBROUTINE SBYTES(NPACK,ISAM,IBIT,NBITS,NSKIP,ITER)

This subroutine is the reverse of GBYTES as described above. NPACK-Address of first word of array to be packed. ISAM-Array to be packed into NPACK. The rightmost NBITS bits of each word will be packed. ISAM should be dimensioned for at least ITER. IBIT-A bit-count offset to be used before the first bits are packed into NPACK. For example, if IBIT=3, and NBITS=5, 3 bits in NPACK will be skipped before the rightmost 5 bits of ISAM(1) are packed into it. NBITS-The number of bits in each word of ISAM to be unpacked. An error condition occurs if NBITS exceeds the word size on the machine. NSKIP-The number of bits to skip between each bit chunk packed. ITER-The number of bit chunks to be packed.

For example:

CALL SBYTES(NPC,ISB,45,6,3,2)

In this call, 45 bits would be skipped at the beginning of NPC; the rightmost 6 bits of ISB(1) would be packed into NPC; 3 bits would be skipped in NPC, and the rightmost 6 bits of ISB(2) would be packed into NPC.

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