No mapping found for dependency [type=java.lang.String, name='actionPackages']

struts2 的struts2-codebehind.jar导致的错误

java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.RuntimeException: com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.DependencyException: com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl$MissingDependencyException: No mapping found for dependency [type=java.lang.String, name='actionPackages'] in public void org.apache.struts2.config.ClasspathPackageProvider.setActionPackages(java.lang.String).

    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerBuilder$4.create(ContainerBuilder.java:132)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.Scope$2$1.create(Scope.java:51)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.getInstance(ContainerImpl.java:507)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl$8.call(ContainerImpl.java:540)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.callInContext(ContainerImpl.java:574)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.getInstance(ContainerImpl.java:538)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reloadContainer(DefaultConfiguration.java:198)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.ConfigurationManager.getConfiguration(ConfigurationManager.java:55)
    at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init_PreloadConfiguration(Dispatcher.java:360)
    at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init(Dispatcher.java:403)
    at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher.init(FilterDispatcher.java:190)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.servlet.FilterHolder.doStart(FilterHolder.java:97)
    at org.mortbay.component.AbstractLifeCycle.start(AbstractLifeCycle.java:50)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler.initialize(ServletHandler.java:620)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.servlet.Context.startContext(Context.java:140)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppContext.startContext(WebAppContext.java:1233)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.handler.ContextHandler.doStart(ContextHandler.java:517)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppContext.doStart(WebAppContext.java:460)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.plugin.Jetty6PluginWebAppContext.doStart(Jetty6PluginWebAppContext.java:124)
    at org.mortbay.component.AbstractLifeCycle.start(AbstractLifeCycle.java:50)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.plugin.AbstractJettyRunMojo.restartWebApp(AbstractJettyRunMojo.java:441)
    at org.mortbay.jetty.plugin.AbstractJettyRunMojo$1.filesChanged(AbstractJettyRunMojo.java:402)
    at org.mortbay.util.Scanner.reportBulkChanges(Scanner.java:486)
    at org.mortbay.util.Scanner.reportDifferences(Scanner.java:352)
    at org.mortbay.util.Scanner.scan(Scanner.java:280)
    at org.mortbay.util.Scanner$1.run(Scanner.java:232)
    at java.util.TimerThread.mainLoop(Timer.java:512)
    at java.util.TimerThread.run(Timer.java:462)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.DependencyException: com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl$MissingDependencyException: No mapping found for dependency [type=java.lang.String, name='actionPackages'] in public void org.apache.struts2.config.ClasspathPackageProvider.setActionPackages(java.lang.String).
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.inject(ContainerImpl.java:495)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl$7.call(ContainerImpl.java:532)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.callInContext(ContainerImpl.java:581)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.inject(ContainerImpl.java:530)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.LocatableFactory.create(LocatableFactory.java:32)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerBuilder$4.create(ContainerBuilder.java:130)
    ... 27 more
Caused by: com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.DependencyException: com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl$MissingDependencyException: No mapping found for dependency [type=java.lang.String, name='actionPackages'] in public void org.apache.struts2.config.ClasspathPackageProvider.setActionPackages(java.lang.String).
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.addInjectorsForMembers(ContainerImpl.java:144)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.addInjectorsForMethods(ContainerImpl.java:113)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl.addInjectors(ContainerImpl.java:90)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl$1.create(ContainerImpl.java:71)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.ContainerImpl$1.create(ContainerImpl.java:69)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.util.ReferenceCache$CallableCreate.call(ReferenceCache.java:150)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRun(FutureTask.java:303)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:138)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.util.ReferenceCache.internalCreate(ReferenceCache.java:76)
    at com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.util.ReferenceCache.get(ReferenceCache.java:116)

删除struts2-codebehind-plugin-2.3.15.1.jar包，之后清除tomcat中的缓存，重新启动tomcat.

web.xml的“零配置”