介绍
MessageQueue
消息队列在Android中指的是MessageQueue,MessageQueue主要包含两个操作：插入和读取。读取操作本身会伴随着删除操作，插入和读取对应的方法分别为enqueueMessage和next,其中enquene的作用是往消息队列中插入一条消息，而next的作用是从消息队列中取出一条消息并将其从消息队列中移除。
特别需要注意的是：尽管MessageQueue叫消息队列，但是它的内部实现并不是队列，实际上它是通过一个单链表的数据结构来维护消息列表的，单链表在插入和删除上比较有优势。
enqueueMessage方法
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
从enqueueMessage的实现来看，它的主要操作其实是单链表的插入操作，Message对象本身具备 next域。
下面看一下next方法的实现。
next方法
Message next() {
// Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
// This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
// which is not supported.
final long ptr = mPtr;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// Run the idle handlers.
// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}
可以发现next方法是一个无限循环的方法，如果消息队列没有消息，那么next方法会一直阻塞在这里。当有新消息到来时，next方法会返回这条消息并将其从单链表中移除。
Looper的工作原理
Looper扮演者消息循环的角色，具体来说就是它会不停地从MessageQueue中查看是否有新消息，如果有新消息就会立刻处理，否则将一直阻塞在那里。
在构造方法中它会创建一个MessageQueue，将当前线程的对象保存起来。
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
我们知道，Handler 的工作需要Looper，没有Looper的线程就会报错，那么如何为一个线程创建Looper呢？很简单，通过Looper.prepare()就可以为当前线程创建一个Looper.然后通过Looper.loop(）来开启消息循环，如下所示.
new Thread(){
@override
public void run(){
Looper.prepare();
Handler handler=new Handler();
Looper.loop();
}
}.start();
Looper除了prepare方法外，还提供prepareMainLooper方法，这个方法主要是给主线程也就是ActivityThread创建Looper使用的。本质也是通过prepare方法来实现。
prepare方法
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
prepareMainLooper方法
/**
* Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
* application's main looper. The main looper for your application
* is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
* to call this function yourself. See also: {@link #prepare()}
*/
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
}可以看到，通过ThreadLocal 方式 给当前线程关联了一个Looper对象。关于ThreadLocal的介绍 参见
《Java并发编程深入学习——ThreadLocal原理分析》（http://blog.csdn.net/ylyg050518/article/details/70756156）
Looper最重要的一个方法是loop方法，只有调用loop方法才能启动消息循环。
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
loop方法是一个死循环，唯一跳出循环的方法是MessageQueue的next方法返回null.当Looper的quit方法被调用时，Looper就会调用MessageQueue 的quit方法或者quitSafely方法来通知消息队列退出，当消息队列被标记为退出状态时，它的next方法就会返回null.也就是说，Looper必须退出，否则loop方法将会无限循环下去。loop方法会调用MessageQueue的next方法类获取新消息，而next是一个阻塞操作，当没有消息时，next方法就会一直阻塞在那里，这也导致loop方法一直阻塞在那里。 如果MessageQueue的next方法返回了新消息，Looper就会处理这条消息：msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),这里的msg.target 是发送这条xi消息的Handler对象，这样Handler发送的消息最终又交给它的dispatchMessage方法来处理了。Handler的dispatchMessage方法是在创建Handler时所使用的Looper中执行的，这样就成功地将代码逻辑切换到指定的线程中。
Handler的工作原理
Handler的工作主要包括消息的发送和接受过程。消息的发送可以通过post的一系列方法以及send的一系列方法来实现，post的一系列方法最终也是通过send的一系列方法来实现的。发送一条消息的典型过程如下所示：
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
可以发现，Message对象最终进入消息队列中，接着Handler就进入了处理消息的阶段，dispatchMessage的实现如下：
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
首先检查Message的callback是否为null,不为null就通过handleCallback来处理消息。Message的callback是一个Runnable对象，实际上是就是Handler的post方法传递过来的Runnable参数。handleCallback的逻辑也是很简单。
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
其次检查，mCallback是否为null.不为null就调用mCallback的handleMessage方法。Callback是个接口。定义如下：
/**
* Callback interface you can use when instantiating a Handler to avoid
* having to implement your own subclass of Handler.
*
* @param msg A {@link android.os.Message Message} object
* @return True if no further handling is desired
*/
public interface Callback {
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
}
通过Callback可以采用如下的方式来创建Handler对象，Handler handler=new Handler(callback);通过这种方式，不需要派生子类来实现handleMessage方法。
还有一个特殊的构造方法，那就是通过一个特定的Looper来构造Handler,它的实现如下所示。通过这个构造方法可以实现一些特殊的功能。
public Handler(Looper looper) {
this(looper, null, false);
}
下面看下Handler的一个默认构造方法public Handler()，这个方法会调用到下面的构造方法。很明显如果当前线程没有Looper的话，就会抛出Can’t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare() 异常。
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
主线程消息循环
Android 的主线程就是ActivityThread.主线程入口方法为main,在main方法系统会通过Looper.prepareMainLooper()来创建主线程的Looper以及MessageQueue,并通过Looper.loop()开启主线程消息循环，这个过程如下：
public static void main(String[] args) {
```
Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
// End of event ActivityThreadMain.
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}主线程的消息循环开始之后，ActivityThread 还需要一个Handler来和消息队列进行交互，这个Handler就是ActivityThread.H.
private class H extends Handler {
public static final int LAUNCH_ACTIVITY = 100;
public static final int PAUSE_ACTIVITY = 101;
public static final int PAUSE_ACTIVITY_FINISHING= 102;
public static final int STOP_ACTIVITY_SHOW = 103;
public static final int STOP_ACTIVITY_HIDE = 104;
public static final int SHOW_WINDOW = 105;
public static final int HIDE_WINDOW = 106;
public static final int RESUME_ACTIVITY = 107;
public static final int SEND_RESULT = 108;
public static final int DESTROY_ACTIVITY = 109;
public static final int BIND_APPLICATION = 110;
public static final int EXIT_APPLICATION = 111;
public static final int NEW_INTENT = 112;
public static final int RECEIVER = 113;
public static final int CREATE_SERVICE = 114;
public static final int SERVICE_ARGS = 115;
public static final int STOP_SERVICE = 116;
...ActivityThread 通过ApplicationThread 和AMS进行通信，AMS以进程间通信的方式完成ActivityThread的请求后会回调ApplicaitionThread 的Binder方法，然后ApplicationThread 会向H发送消息，H收到消息后会将ApplicationThread的逻辑切换到ActivityThread（主线程）中执行。
关于Android消息循环机制有很多文章和书籍都讲到了，这里不再赘述
1. 如何实现延时消息处理
以Handler.postDelayed()为例子分析，
一步一步跟一下Handler.postDelayed()的调用路径：
Handler.postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis)
Handler.sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis)
Handler.sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis)
Handler.enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis)
MessageQueue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis)最后发现Handler没有自己处理Delay，而是交给了MessageQueue处理，我们继续跟进去看看MessageQueue又做了什么：
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
...
}MessageQueue中组织Message的结构就是一个简单的单向链表，只保存了链表头部的引用（果然只是个Queue啊）。在enqueueMessage()的时候把应该执行的时间（上面Hanlder调用路径的第三步延迟已经加上了现有时间，所以叫when）设置到msg里面，并没有进行处理……WTF？
继续跟进去看看Looper是怎么读取MessageQueue的，在loop()方法内：
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
...
}原来调用的是MessageQueue.next()，还贴心地注释了这个方法可能会阻塞，点进去看看：
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
...
}
}可以看到，在这个方法内，如果头部的这个Message是有延迟而且延迟时间没到的（now < msg.when），会计算一下时间（保存为变量nextPollTimeoutMillis），然后在循环开始的时候判断如果这个Message有延迟，就调用nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);进行阻塞。nativePollOnce()的作用类似与object.wait()，只不过是使用了Native的方法对这个线程精确时间的唤醒。
精确延时的问题到这里就算是基本解决了，不过我又产生了一个新的疑问：如果Message会阻塞MessageQueue的话，那么先postDelay10秒一个Runnable A，消息队列会一直阻塞，然后我再post一个Runnable B，B岂不是会等A执行完了再执行？正常使用时显然不是这样的，那么问题出在哪呢？
再来一步一步顺一下Looper、Handler、MessageQueue的调用执行逻辑，重新看到MessageQueue.enqueueMessage()的时候发现，似乎刚才遗漏了什么东西：
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
...
}
...
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}这个needWake变量和nativeWake()方法似乎是唤醒线程啊？继续看看mBlocked是什么：
Message next() {
for (;;) {
...
if (msg != null) {
...
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
...
}
...
}
...
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
...
}就是这里了，在next()方法内部，如果有阻塞（没有消息了或者只有Delay的消息），会把mBlocked这个变量标记为true，在下一个Message进队时会判断这个message的位置，如果在队首就会调用nativeWake()方法唤醒线程！
现在整个调用流程就比较清晰了，以刚刚的问题为例：
postDelay()一个10秒钟的Runnable A、消息进队，MessageQueue调用nativePollOnce()阻塞，Looper阻塞；
紧接着post()一个Runnable B、消息进队，判断现在A时间还没到、正在阻塞，把B插入消息队列的头部（A的前面），然后调用nativeWake()方法唤醒线程；
MessageQueue.next()方法被唤醒后，重新开始读取消息链表，第一个消息B无延时，直接返回给Looper；
Looper处理完这个消息再次调用next()方法，MessageQueue继续读取消息链表，第二个消息A还没到时间，计算一下剩余时间（假如还剩9秒）继续调用nativePollOnce()阻塞；
直到阻塞时间到或者下一次有Message进队；
这样，基本上就能保证Handler.postDelayed()发布的消息能在相对精确的时间被传递给Looper进行处理而又不会阻塞队列了。
2. 主线程违和不会因为Looper.loop()方法造成堵塞
在ActivityThread 的handleMessage方法中，Activity 的生命周期都有对应的case条件，如下所示：
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, ">>> handling: " + codeToString(msg.what));
switch (msg.what) {
case LAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityStart");
final ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord) msg.obj;
r.packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
r.activityInfo.applicationInfo, r.compatInfo);
handleLaunchActivity(r, null);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
} break;
case RELAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityRestart");
ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord)msg.obj;
handleRelaunchActivity(r);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
} break;
case PAUSE_ACTIVITY:
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityPause");
handlePauseActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, false, (msg.arg1&1) != 0, msg.arg2,
(msg.arg1&2) != 0);
maybeSnapshot();
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
break;
case PAUSE_ACTIVITY_FINISHING:
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityPause");
handlePauseActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, true, (msg.arg1&1) != 0, msg.arg2,
(msg.arg1&1) != 0);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
break;
...在ApplicationThread中，有很多sendMessage方法，类似下面的：
...
public final void scheduleResumeActivity(IBinder token, int processState,
boolean isForward, Bundle resumeArgs) {
updateProcessState(processState, false);
sendMessage(H.RESUME_ACTIVITY, token, isForward ? 1 : 0);
}
public final void scheduleSendResult(IBinder token, List<ResultInfo> results) {
ResultData res = new ResultData();
res.token = token;
res.results = results;
sendMessage(H.SEND_RESULT, res);
}
...简单来说：ActivityThread的main方法主要就是做消息循环，一旦退出消息循环，那么你的程序也就可以退出了。
从消息队列中取消息可能会有阻塞，取到消息会做出相应的处理。如果某个消息处理时间过长，就可能会影响UI线程的刷新速度，造成卡顿的现象。
阻塞是有的，但是不会卡出主要是因为linux的epoll机制。
1.epoll模型
当没有消息的时候会epoll.wait,等待句柄写的时候在唤醒，这个时候其实是阻塞的。
2.所有的UI操作都通过handler来发消息操作。比如屏幕刷新16ms一个消息，你的各种点击事件，所以就会有句柄写操作，唤醒上文的wait操作，所以不会被卡死了。
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