JDK1.8源码学习之Map.java

package java.util;

import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.io.Serializable;

/**
 * 一个可以将关键字映射为值的对象;
 * 一个map可以包含重复的关键字keys
 * 但一个关键字（key）最多只能映射到一个值(value)
 *
 *这个接口取代了Dictionary类，这个类完全是个虚类，而Map是个接口
 *
 *Map接口提供了三个集合视图（Collection views）（注：访问形式），允许一个Map中的内容可以以一个关键字集合，一个值集合或是一个key-value映射集的形式查看
 *一个Map的顺序（order）（注：访问顺序）被定义为Map的集合视图（Collection views）中的迭代器（iterators）返回其元素的顺序
 *一些Map的实现，比如TreeMap类，保证元素有序
 *而其他的实现 类，比如HashMap，没有这样的保证
 * 
 * 当可变对象被用作Map的关键字keys时，需要特别注意。
 * Map中并没有明确规定作为关键字的key对象发生变化并影响equals方法返回值时该如何应对。
 * 所以尽量避免修改作为关键字的对象
 * 
 *所有的通用Map实现类都应当提供两个标准构造器：一个空参数构造函数用以创建一个空Map；一个只有一个参数Map的构造函数用以创建和参数一样映射集合的Map，用来复制一个Map
 *因为接口不能包含构造器，这个建议在除了jdk的通用Map接口实现以外是不可能完成的。
 *
 * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
 * @param <V> the type of mapped values
 * @see HashMap
 * @see TreeMap
 * @see Hashtable
 * @see SortedMap
 * @see Collection
 * @see Set
 * @since 1.2
 */
public interface Map<K,V> {
    // Query Operations

    /**
     *返回map中key-value映射的数目。如果超过Integer.MAX_VALUE,则返回Integer.MAX_VALUE
     * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
     */
    int size();

    /**
     * 如果当前map没有任何键值对，则返回true
     * 
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings
     */
    boolean isEmpty();

    /**
     * 如果当前map包含给定关键字key，则返回true
     *
     * @param key key whose presence in this map is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the specified
     *         key
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
     *         does not permit null keys
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean containsKey(Object key);

    /**
     * 如果当前map中有一个或多个关键字key映射到给定值value，则返回true
     * 
     * @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
     *         specified value
     * @throws ClassCastException if the value is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified value is null and this
     *         map does not permit null values
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean containsValue(Object value);

    /**
     * 返回给定关键字key映射的value
     * 如果返回null，不一定就是该map中不包含给定关键字的映射，也有可能是该map把 给定关键字key映射到null值上了（可使用containsKey（）来区别这两种情况）
     * 
     * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
     * @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
     *         {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
     *         does not permit null keys
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    V get(Object key);

    // 修改操作

    /**
     * 将给定关键字和给定value联系在一起
     * 如果该map之前就包含给定关键字的映射，则替换旧值
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return 关键字key先前映射的值, 或者空值null（如果之前Map中不包含关键字key）        
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>put</tt> operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key
     *         or value prevents it from being stored in this map
     */
    V put(K key, V value);

    /**移除给定关键字的映射，返回该关键字的映射值
     * 同样，返回null不代表不包含该关键字，需使用containsKey（）
     * @param key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>remove</tt> operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this
     *         map does not permit null keys
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    V remove(Object key);


    // 批量操作

    /**
     * 将给定Map中的所有映射copy进当前map中
     * @param m mappings to be stored in this map
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>putAll</tt> operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of a key or value in the
     *         specified map prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null, or if
     *         this map does not permit null keys or values, and the
     *         specified map contains null keys or values
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of a key or value in
     *         the specified map prevents it from being stored in this map
     */
    void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m);

    /**
     * 删除map中所有映射
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>clear</tt> operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     */
    void clear();


    // 视图

    /**
     * 返回map中所有关键字的集合
     * 该集合set与map相关联，map中的任何操作都会反映在set中，反之也是如此，如果在使用set的过程中修改了map中的值，后果未定；
     * 该set支持元素删除操作，如Iterator.remove，Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll和clear操作。
     * 不支持元素添加操作
     * @return a set view of the keys contained in this map
     */
    Set<K> keySet();

    /**
     * 返回该map中所有值的集合
     * 返回的Collection与当前map相关联，map中的操作都会反映在Collection中，反之也是如此；如果在Collection使用过程中修改了map中的值，后果未定；
     * 该Collection 支持元素删除操作，不支持元素添加操作
     * @return a collection view of the values contained in this map
     */
    Collection<V> values();

    /**
     * 返回当前map中所有映射集合Set<Map.Entry<K,V>>,同样，与Map关联，同步修改后果未定，支持删除不支持添加
     * @return a set view of the mappings contained in this map
     */
    Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet();

    /**
     * 一个map的Entry（键值对）接口。Map.entrySet()方法返回的集合视图中元素类型就是此类。
     * 
     * @see Map#entrySet()
     * @since 1.2
     */
    interface Entry<K,V> {
        /**
         * 返回Entry中对应的关键字
         * 
         * @return the key corresponding to this entry
         * @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
         *         required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
         *         removed from the backing map.
         */
        K getKey();

        /**
         * 返回Entry中对应的值value
         * 
         * @return the value corresponding to this entry
         * @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
         *         required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
         *         removed from the backing map.
         */
        V getValue();

        /**
         * 替换当前Entry中的value值为指定value
         *
         * @param value new value to be stored in this entry
         * @return old value corresponding to the entry
         * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>put</tt> operation
         *         is not supported by the backing map
         * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified value
         *         prevents it from being stored in the backing map
         * @throws NullPointerException if the backing map does not permit
         *         null values, and the specified value is null
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of this value
         *         prevents it from being stored in the backing map
         * @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
         *         required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
         *         removed from the backing map.
         */
        V setValue(V value);

        /**
         * 比较指定对象object与当前Entry，如果给定对象也是一个Map Entry并且这个两个Entry代表相同映射，则返回true
         * if<pre>
         *     (e1.getKey()==null ?
         *      e2.getKey()==null : e1.getKey().equals(e2.getKey()))  &&
         *     (e1.getValue()==null ?
         *      e2.getValue()==null : e1.getValue().equals(e2.getValue()))
         * </pre>
         * 这样确保equals方法在不同Map.Entry实现中都能正常工作
         * 
         * @param o object to be compared for equality with this map entry
         * @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is equal to this map
         *         entry
         */
        boolean equals(Object o);

        /**
         * 返回Entry的hash code
         * 一个Entry的hash code被定义为: <pre>
         *     (e.getKey()==null   ? 0 : e.getKey().hashCode()) ^
         *     (e.getValue()==null ? 0 : e.getValue().hashCode())
         * </pre>
         * 这样保证对任意两个Entry对象，e1.equals(e2)隐含了e1.hashCode()==e2.hashCode()
         * 
         * @return the hash code value for this map entry
         * @see Object#hashCode()
         * @see Object#equals(Object)
         * @see #equals(Object)
         */
        int hashCode();

        /**
         * 返回一个以自然序比较关键字的比较器
         *
         * @param  <K> the {@link Comparable} type of then map keys
         * @param  <V> the type of the map values
         * @return a comparator that compares {@link Map.Entry} in natural order on key.
         * @see Comparable
         * @since 1.8
         */
        public static <K extends Comparable<? super K>, V> Comparator<Map.Entry<K,V>> comparingByKey() {
            return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
                (c1, c2) -> c1.getKey().compareTo(c2.getKey());
        }

        /**
         * 返回一个以自然序比较值的比较器
         * 
         * @param <K> the type of the map keys
         * @param <V> the {@link Comparable} type of the map values
         * @return a comparator that compares {@link Map.Entry} in natural order on value.
         * @see Comparable
         * @since 1.8
         */
        public static <K, V extends Comparable<? super V>> Comparator<Map.Entry<K,V>> comparingByValue() {
            return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
                (c1, c2) -> c1.getValue().compareTo(c2.getValue());
        }

        /**
         * 返回一个比较器，该比较器以给定比较器比较关键字
         * @param  <K> the type of the map keys
         * @param  <V> the type of the map values
         * @param  cmp the key {@link Comparator}
         * @return a comparator that compares {@link Map.Entry} by the key.
         * @since 1.8
         */
        public static <K, V> Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> comparingByKey(Comparator<? super K> cmp) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
            return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
                (c1, c2) -> cmp.compare(c1.getKey(), c2.getKey());
        }

        /**
         * 返回一个以给定比较器比较值的比较器
         * @param  <K> the type of the map keys
         * @param  <V> the type of the map values
         * @param  cmp the value {@link Comparator}
         * @return a comparator that compares {@link Map.Entry} by the value.
         * @since 1.8
         */
        public static <K, V> Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> comparingByValue(Comparator<? super V> cmp) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
            return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
                (c1, c2) -> cmp.compare(c1.getValue(), c2.getValue());
        }
    }

    // 比较与哈希

    /**
     * Compares the specified object with this map for equality.  Returns
     * <tt>true</tt> if the given object is also a map and the two maps
     * represent the same mappings.  More formally, two maps <tt>m1</tt> and
     * <tt>m2</tt> represent the same mappings if
     * <tt>m1.entrySet().equals(m2.entrySet())</tt>.  This ensures that the
     * <tt>equals</tt> method works properly across different implementations
     * of the <tt>Map</tt> interface.
     *
     * @param o object to be compared for equality with this map
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is equal to this map
     */
    boolean equals(Object o);

    /**
     * Returns the hash code value for this map.  The hash code of a map is
     * defined to be the sum of the hash codes of each entry in the map's
     * <tt>entrySet()</tt> view.  This ensures that <tt>m1.equals(m2)</tt>
     * implies that <tt>m1.hashCode()==m2.hashCode()</tt> for any two maps
     * <tt>m1</tt> and <tt>m2</tt>, as required by the general contract of
     * {@link Object#hashCode}.
     *
     * @return the hash code value for this map
     * @see Map.Entry#hashCode()
     * @see Object#equals(Object)
     * @see #equals(Object)
     */
    int hashCode();

    // Defaultable methods

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
     * {@code defaultValue} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties.
     *
     * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
     * @param defaultValue the default mapping of the key
     * @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
     * {@code defaultValue} if this map contains no mapping for the key
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
     * this map
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
     * does not permit null keys
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default V getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue) {
        V v;
        return (((v = get(key)) != null) || containsKey(key))
            ? v
            : defaultValue;
    }

    /**
     * Performs the given action for each entry in this map until all entries
     * have been processed or the action throws an exception.   Unless
     * otherwise specified by the implementing class, actions are performed in
     * the order of entry set iteration (if an iteration order is specified.)
     * Exceptions thrown by the action are relayed to the caller.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to, for this {@code map}:
     * <pre> {@code
     * for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : map.entrySet())
     *     action.accept(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
     * }</pre>
     *
     * The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties.
     *
     * @param action The action to be performed for each entry
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified action is null
     * @throws ConcurrentModificationException if an entry is found to be
     * removed during iteration
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : entrySet()) {
            K k;
            V v;
            try {
                k = entry.getKey();
                v = entry.getValue();
            } catch(IllegalStateException ise) {
                // this usually means the entry is no longer in the map.
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException(ise);
            }
            action.accept(k, v);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Replaces each entry's value with the result of invoking the given
     * function on that entry until all entries have been processed or the
     * function throws an exception.  Exceptions thrown by the function are
     * relayed to the caller.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * <p>The default implementation is equivalent to, for this {@code map}:
     * <pre> {@code
     * for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : map.entrySet())
     *     entry.setValue(function.apply(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties.
     *
     * @param function the function to apply to each entry
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code set} operation
     * is not supported by this map's entry set iterator.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of a replacement value
     * prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified function is null, or the
     * specified replacement value is null, and this map does not permit null
     * values
     * @throws ClassCastException if a replacement value is of an inappropriate
     *         type for this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if function or a replacement value is null,
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of a replacement value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ConcurrentModificationException if an entry is found to be
     * removed during iteration
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(function);
        for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : entrySet()) {
            K k;
            V v;
            try {
                k = entry.getKey();
                v = entry.getValue();
            } catch(IllegalStateException ise) {
                // this usually means the entry is no longer in the map.
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException(ise);
            }

            // ise thrown from function is not a cme.
            v = function.apply(k, v);

            try {
                entry.setValue(v);
            } catch(IllegalStateException ise) {
                // this usually means the entry is no longer in the map.
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException(ise);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped
     * to {@code null}) associates it with the given value and returns
     * {@code null}, else returns the current value.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to, for this {@code
     * map}:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * V v = map.get(key);
     * if (v == null)
     *     v = map.put(key, value);
     *
     * return v;
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with the specified key, or
     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for the key.
     *         (A {@code null} return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated {@code null} with the key,
     *         if the implementation supports null values.)
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key or value is of an inappropriate
     *         type for this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null,
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key
     *         or value prevents it from being stored in this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
        V v = get(key);
        if (v == null) {
            v = put(key, value);
        }

        return v;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the entry for the specified key only if it is currently
     * mapped to the specified value.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to, for this {@code map}:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), value)) {
     *     map.remove(key);
     *     return true;
     * } else
     *     return false;
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is associated
     * @param value value expected to be associated with the specified key
     * @return {@code true} if the value was removed
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code remove} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key or value is of an inappropriate
     *         type for this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null,
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
        Object curValue = get(key);
        if (!Objects.equals(curValue, value) ||
            (curValue == null && !containsKey(key))) {
            return false;
        }
        remove(key);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the entry for the specified key only if currently
     * mapped to the specified value.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to, for this {@code map}:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), value)) {
     *     map.put(key, newValue);
     *     return true;
     * } else
     *     return false;
     * }</pre>
     *
     * The default implementation does not throw NullPointerException
     * for maps that do not support null values if oldValue is null unless
     * newValue is also null.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is associated
     * @param oldValue value expected to be associated with the specified key
     * @param newValue value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return {@code true} if the value was replaced
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of a specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if a specified key or newValue is null,
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     * @throws NullPointerException if oldValue is null and this map does not
     *         permit null values
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of a specified key
     *         or value prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
        Object curValue = get(key);
        if (!Objects.equals(curValue, oldValue) ||
            (curValue == null && !containsKey(key))) {
            return false;
        }
        put(key, newValue);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the entry for the specified key only if it is
     * currently mapped to some value.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to, for this {@code map}:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * if (map.containsKey(key)) {
     *     return map.put(key, value);
     * } else
     *     return null;
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties.
      *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with the specified key, or
     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for the key.
     *         (A {@code null} return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated {@code null} with the key,
     *         if the implementation supports null values.)
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null,
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key
     *         or value prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default V replace(K key, V value) {
        V curValue;
        if (((curValue = get(key)) != null) || containsKey(key)) {
            curValue = put(key, value);
        }
        return curValue;
    }

    /**
     * If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped
     * to {@code null}), attempts to compute its value using the given mapping
     * function and enters it into this map unless {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>If the function returns {@code null} no mapping is recorded. If
     * the function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the
     * exception is rethrown, and no mapping is recorded.  The most
     * common usage is to construct a new object serving as an initial
     * mapped value or memoized result, as in:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new Value(f(k)));
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>Or to implement a multi-value map, {@code Map<K,Collection<V>>},
     * supporting multiple values per key:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new HashSet<V>()).add(v);
     * }</pre>
     *
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to the following steps for this
     * {@code map}, then returning the current value or {@code null} if now
     * absent:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * if (map.get(key) == null) {
     *     V newValue = mappingFunction.apply(key);
     *     if (newValue != null)
     *         map.put(key, newValue);
     * }
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of
     * subinterface {@link java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap} must document
     * whether the function is applied once atomically only if the value is not
     * present.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param mappingFunction the function to compute a value
     * @return the current (existing or computed) value associated with
     *         the specified key, or null if the computed value is null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and
     *         this map does not support null keys, or the mappingFunction
     *         is null
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default V computeIfAbsent(K key,
            Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(mappingFunction);
        V v;
        if ((v = get(key)) == null) {
            V newValue;
            if ((newValue = mappingFunction.apply(key)) != null) {
                put(key, newValue);
                return newValue;
            }
        }

        return v;
    }

    /**
     * If the value for the specified key is present and non-null, attempts to
     * compute a new mapping given the key and its current mapped value.
     *
     * <p>If the function returns {@code null}, the mapping is removed.  If the
     * function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception is
     * rethrown, and the current mapping is left unchanged.
    *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to performing the following
     * steps for this {@code map}, then returning the current value or
     * {@code null} if now absent:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * if (map.get(key) != null) {
     *     V oldValue = map.get(key);
     *     V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
     *     if (newValue != null)
     *         map.put(key, newValue);
     *     else
     *         map.remove(key);
     * }
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of
     * subinterface {@link java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap} must document
     * whether the function is applied once atomically only if the value is not
     * present.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param remappingFunction the function to compute a value
     * @return the new value associated with the specified key, or null if none
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and
     *         this map does not support null keys, or the
     *         remappingFunction is null
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default V computeIfPresent(K key,
            BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(remappingFunction);
        V oldValue;
        if ((oldValue = get(key)) != null) {
            V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
            if (newValue != null) {
                put(key, newValue);
                return newValue;
            } else {
                remove(key);
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to compute a mapping for the specified key and its current
     * mapped value (or {@code null} if there is no current mapping). For
     * example, to either create or append a {@code String} msg to a value
     * mapping:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * map.compute(key, (k, v) -> (v == null) ? msg : v.concat(msg))}</pre>
     * (Method {@link #merge merge()} is often simpler to use for such purposes.)
     *
     * <p>If the function returns {@code null}, the mapping is removed (or
     * remains absent if initially absent).  If the function itself throws an
     * (unchecked) exception, the exception is rethrown, and the current mapping
     * is left unchanged.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to performing the following
     * steps for this {@code map}, then returning the current value or
     * {@code null} if absent:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * V oldValue = map.get(key);
     * V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
     * if (oldValue != null ) {
     *    if (newValue != null)
     *       map.put(key, newValue);
     *    else
     *       map.remove(key);
     * } else {
     *    if (newValue != null)
     *       map.put(key, newValue);
     *    else
     *       return null;
     * }
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of
     * subinterface {@link java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap} must document
     * whether the function is applied once atomically only if the value is not
     * present.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param remappingFunction the function to compute a value
     * @return the new value associated with the specified key, or null if none
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and
     *         this map does not support null keys, or the
     *         remappingFunction is null
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default V compute(K key,
            BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(remappingFunction);
        V oldValue = get(key);

        V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
        if (newValue == null) {
            // delete mapping
            if (oldValue != null || containsKey(key)) {
                // something to remove
                remove(key);
                return null;
            } else {
                // nothing to do. Leave things as they were.
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            // add or replace old mapping
            put(key, newValue);
            return newValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * If the specified key is not already associated with a value or is
     * associated with null, associates it with the given non-null value.
     * Otherwise, replaces the associated value with the results of the given
     * remapping function, or removes if the result is {@code null}. This
     * method may be of use when combining multiple mapped values for a key.
     * For example, to either create or append a {@code String msg} to a
     * value mapping:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * map.merge(key, msg, String::concat)
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>If the function returns {@code null} the mapping is removed.  If the
     * function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception is
     * rethrown, and the current mapping is left unchanged.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation is equivalent to performing the following
     * steps for this {@code map}, then returning the current value or
     * {@code null} if absent:
     *
     * <pre> {@code
     * V oldValue = map.get(key);
     * V newValue = (oldValue == null) ? value :
     *              remappingFunction.apply(oldValue, value);
     * if (newValue == null)
     *     map.remove(key);
     * else
     *     map.put(key, newValue);
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization
     * or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing
     * atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its
     * concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of
     * subinterface {@link java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap} must document
     * whether the function is applied once atomically only if the value is not
     * present.
     *
     * @param key key with which the resulting value is to be associated
     * @param value the non-null value to be merged with the existing value
     *        associated with the key or, if no existing value or a null value
     *        is associated with the key, to be associated with the key
     * @param remappingFunction the function to recompute a value if present
     * @return the new value associated with the specified key, or null if no
     *         value is associated with the key
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     *         (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
     *         does not support null keys or the value or remappingFunction is
     *         null
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default V merge(K key, V value,
            BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(remappingFunction);
        Objects.requireNonNull(value);
        V oldValue = get(key);
        V newValue = (oldValue == null) ? value :
                   remappingFunction.apply(oldValue, value);
        if(newValue == null) {
            remove(key);
        } else {
            put(key, newValue);
        }
        return newValue;
    }
}