shell学习五----变量子串

1、内置命令
[root@node01 ~]# which cd
/usr/bin/which: no cd in (/data/apache-maven-3.3.9/bin:/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin)
[root@node01 ~]# man cd
BASH_BUILTINS(1)                                              BASH_BUILTINS(1)


NAME
       bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable,
       eval, exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read,
       readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - bash built-
       in commands, see bash(1)


2、变量子串常用操作（了解）
man bash找本节资料
${#string}                         打印$string的长度
${#string:position}                在$string中，从位置%position之后开始提取字串       
${#string:position:length}         在$string中，从位置%position之后开始提取长度为$length的字串
例子：
[root@node01 ~]# WOLF="hello yujing"
[root@node01 ~]# echo $WOLF
hello yujing
[root@node01 ~]# echo ${#WOLF}        和wc -L 相同
12
[root@node01 ~]# echo $WOLF |wc  -L  
12

root@node01 ~]# echo ${WOLF:2}      
llo yujing
[root@node01 ~]# echo ${WOLF:2:2} 
ll
[root@node01 ~]# echo ${WOLF:2:4}  和cut -c相同
llo


[root@node01 ~]# echo $WOLF |cut -c 3-4
ll
[root@node01 ~]# echo $WOLF |cut -c 3-6
llo 

删除
${#string#substring}                  从变量$string开头开始删除最短匹配$substring子串
${#string##substring}                 从变量$string开头开始删除最长匹配$substring子串

${#string%substring}                  从变量$string结尾开始删除最短匹配$substring子串
${#string%%substring}                 从变量$string结尾开始删除最长匹配$substring子串

替换
${#string/substring/replace}          使用$replace,来代替第一个匹配的$substring
${#string/#substring/replace}         如果$string前缀匹配$substring,用$replace来代替匹配substring
${#string/%substring/replace}         如果$string后缀匹配$substring,用$replace来代替匹配substring
例子：
[root@node01 ~]# WOLF="hello yujing"
hello yujing
[root@node01 ~]# echo ${WOLF/yujing/laolang}
hello laolang

实例：
1、通过变量子串替换
vi laolang.log
wolf_20170806_1_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_2_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_3_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_4_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_5_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_6_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_7_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_8_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_9_wolf.jpg
wolf_20170806_10_wolf.jpg
[root@node01 data]# touch `cat laolang.log |tr "\n" " "`
[root@node01 data]# ll
total 8316
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    4096 Jul  8 07:24 apache-maven-3.3.9
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8491533 Jul  8 07:23 apache-maven-3.3.9-bin.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 cat
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 06:00 day1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 11:50 day2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 14:12 day3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     251 Jul 29 14:16 laolang.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_10_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_1_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_2_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_3_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_4_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_5_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_6_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_7_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_8_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_9_wolf.jpg
[root@node01 data]# f=wolf_20170806_10_wolf.jpg
[root@node01 data]# echo $f
wolf_20170806_10_wolf.jpg
[root@node01 data]# echo ${f%wolf*.jpg}
wolf_20170806_10_
[root@node01 data]# mv $f `echo ${f%wolf*.jpg}.jpg`
[root@node01 data]# ll
total 8316
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    4096 Jul  8 07:24 apache-maven-3.3.9
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8491533 Jul  8 07:23 apache-maven-3.3.9-bin.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 cat
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 06:00 day1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 11:50 day2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 14:12 day3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     251 Jul 29 14:16 laolang.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_10_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_1_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_2_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_3_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_4_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_5_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_6_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_7_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_8_wolf.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_9_wolf.jpg
[root@node01 data]# for f in `ls *wolf.jpg` ;do mv $f `echo ${f%wolf*.jpg}.jpg`;done
[root@node01 data]# ll
total 8316
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    4096 Jul  8 07:24 apache-maven-3.3.9
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8491533 Jul  8 07:23 apache-maven-3.3.9-bin.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 cat
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 06:00 day1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 11:50 day2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 14:12 day3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     251 Jul 29 14:16 laolang.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_10_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_1_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_2_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_3_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_4_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_5_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_6_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_7_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_8_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_9_.jpg

2、修改扩展名
把上面的jpg更换为log
[root@node01 data]# f=wolf_20170806_10_.jpg
[root@node01 data]# echo ${f/%jpg/log} 
wolf_20170806_10_.log
[root@node01 data]# mv $f ${f/%jpg/log}      
[root@node01 data]# ls
apache-maven-3.3.9             day1  laolang.log            wolf_20170806_2_.jpg  wolf_20170806_5_.jpg  wolf_20170806_8_.jpg
apache-maven-3.3.9-bin.tar.gz  day2  wolf_20170806_10_.log  wolf_20170806_3_.jpg  wolf_20170806_6_.jpg  wolf_20170806_9_.jpg
cat                            day3  wolf_20170806_1_.jpg   wolf_20170806_4_.jpg  wolf_20170806_7_.jpg
[root@node01 data]# ll
total 8316
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    4096 Jul  8 07:24 apache-maven-3.3.9
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8491533 Jul  8 07:23 apache-maven-3.3.9-bin.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 cat
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 06:00 day1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 11:50 day2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 14:12 day3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     251 Jul 29 14:16 laolang.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_10_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_1_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_2_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_3_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_4_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_5_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_6_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_7_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_8_.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_9_.jpg
[root@node01 data]# for f in `ls *.jpg` ;do mv $f ${f/%jpg/log} ;done
[root@node01 data]# ll
total 8316
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    4096 Jul  8 07:24 apache-maven-3.3.9
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8491533 Jul  8 07:23 apache-maven-3.3.9-bin.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 cat
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 06:00 day1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 11:50 day2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jul 29 14:12 day3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     251 Jul 29 14:16 laolang.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_10_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_1_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_2_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_3_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_4_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_5_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_6_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_7_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_8_.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       0 Jul 29 14:16 wolf_20170806_9_.log

======================================================================
网上资料
http://blog.csdn.net/github_33736971/article/details/53980123
${#string} 
返回$string的长度

${string:position} 
在$string中，从$position位置之后开始提取子串

${string:position:length} 
在$string中，从$position位置之后开始提取$length长度的子串

[root@localhost SHELL]# NAME="ni hao, ming tian"
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo $NAME
ni hao, ming tian
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME}
ni hao, ming tian
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${#NAME}
17
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME:3}
hao, ming tian
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME:3:6}
hao, m
[root@localhost SHELL]# 

${string#substring} 
从变量$string开头开始删除最短匹配$substring子串
${string##substring} 
从变量$string开头开始删除最长匹配$sunstring子串

[root@localhost SHELL]# echo $NAME
abcABC123ABCabcde
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME#a*C}
123ABCabcde
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME##a*C}
abcde
[root@localhost SHELL]# 

${string%substring} 
从变量$string结尾开始删除最短匹配$substring子串
${string%%substring} 
从变量$string结尾开始删除最长匹配$substring子串

[root@localhost SHELL]# NAME=abcABC123ABCabc
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo $NAME
abcABC123ABCabc
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME%%a*c}

[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME%a*c}
abcABC123ABC
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME#b*c}
abcABC123ABCabc
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME#bc}
abcABC123ABCabc
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME%bc}
abcABC123ABCa
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME%%bc}
abcABC123ABCa
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME%C*c}
abcABC123AB
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME%%C*c}
abcAB
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME%%C*b}
abcABC123ABCabc
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME}
abcABC123ABCabc
[root@localhost SHELL]# 

注意：在进行#或##匹配时，$string的首字符必须是被删除子串$substring的第一个字符，不然无法匹配删除； 
在进行%或者%%匹配时，$string的最后一个字符必须是被删除子串$substring的最后一个字符，不然无法进行删除操作；

${parameter/parttern/string} 
用string来替换第一个匹配的pattern
${parameter/#parttern/string} 
从开头匹配parameter变量中的pattern，匹配上后就用string来替换匹配的pattern
${parameter/%pattern/string} 
从结尾开始匹配parameter变量中的pattern，匹配上后就用string替换匹配的pattern
${parameter//pattern/string} 
用string来替换parameter变量中所有匹配的pattern

[root@localhost SHELL]# NAME="I am a student student"
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME//student/teacher}
I am a teacher teacher
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME/#student/teacher}
I am a student student
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME/%student/teacher}
I am a student teacher
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME/%I am /teacher}
I am a student student
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME/#I am /teacher}
teachera student student
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo ${NAME/#I am a/teacher}
teacher student student
[root@localhost SHELL]# echo $NAME
I am a student student
[root@localhost SHELL]# 
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