该知道的在实验指导书都有了，以下是感觉这个实验重要的地方
- 清楚前台和后台的概念，这是shell创造的概念，有外部命令时我们直接去运行的，只不过如果是前台命令会去等待执行完毕，而后台不管。所以信号处理函数都只是对shell而言，按下ctrl+z和ctrl+c都是发给shell的。（这里有一个进程组的概念，信号默认是发给前台进程组的，所以现在发的就是我们自己写的shell了，为了不让外部命令创建的子进程接收到这些信号，要在创建子进程时设置单独的进程组号）
- 要清楚什么时候要阻塞什么信号，为什么要阻塞。像创建子进程时阻塞SIGCHLD是因为可能子进程运行完了，父进程才往jobs里add一个job，为了防止这种情况，要阻塞这个信号，add完再取消阻塞。但不能阻塞全部信号，因为可能收到SIGTSTP或SIGINT。
- 而在SIGCHLD的处理函数中，我阻塞了所有信号，现在看来似乎没有必要，因为另外两个信号处理函数没有对全局的jobs进行操作。不过在这个程序里也没所谓了。信号处理函数最好写得简单一点，waitpid写的地方也少一点，不然就会很乱。下面列下书上说的保守的好习惯吧
- 处理程序尽可能简单。处理程序可能只是简单地设置全局标志并立即返回，所有与接收信号相关的处理都由主程序执行，主程序周期性检查并重置这个标志。
- 在处理程序中只调用异步信号安全函数。这里的异步信号安全函数指的是：要么函数可重入（如至访问局部变量），要么不能被信号处理程序后中断。
- 保存和恢复errno。防止干扰errno
- 阻塞所有信号。保护对共享全局数据结构的访问。像我们这里只有一个处理函数对jobs进行访问，其实可以补阻塞所有信号的。不过这也是一个好习惯吧，毕竟如果哪一天改了，却忘了这里有个隐患呢？
- 用volatile声明全局变量，volatile声明的会告诉编译器补要缓存这个变量，总是从内从读取。
- 使用sig_atomic_t标志，这可以保证对标量的读写是不可中断的（原子的）。
- 哦，还有就是正确使用waitpid的参数，waitpid是默认阻塞的。摄者WNOHANG可以立即返回，设置WUNTRACED可以检查已终止和被停止的子进程，这在前台等待那里有用。
- 还有就是shell在发信号到前台是发到前台整个进程组的，所以kill的时候记得要负数。
- 信号处理函数和收到信号前正在运行的函数是并发的，如果把waitpid这种相对耗时的操作不放在信号处理函数，会不符合实验指导书要求。而且似乎把waitpid放在信号处理函数也更合理。
因为电脑是Windows的，所以敲代码在sublime，然后放到CLion上看看有没有warning，没有就上传到云服务器的Linux下跑，出错的话都是先去思考，想不到才去gdb调试，gdb调试没有IDE那么爽，到断点不能同时看到几个变量的值（也许是不会用），只能一个一个去p。感觉按键盘也没有点鼠标那么快捷。不过还是要多点熟悉Linux下调试吧。打算重装个图形化虚拟机，然后用CLion调试。
把代码放到sublime上会发现好看很多哈，感觉比在CLion上还舒服，而且跳转也方便不少。
在sublime下
在CLion下
/*
* tsh - A tiny shell program with job control
*
* <wrc>
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <errno.h>
/* Misc manifest constants */
#define MAXLINE 1024 /* max line size */
#define MAXARGS 128 /* max args on a command line */
#define MAXJOBS 16 /* max jobs at any point in time */
#define MAXJID 1<<16 /* max job ID */
/* Job states */
#define UNDEF 0 /* undefined */
#define FG 1 /* running in foreground */
#define BG 2 /* running in background */
#define ST 3 /* stopped */
/*
* Jobs states: FG (foreground), BG (background), ST (stopped)
* Job state transitions and enabling actions:
* FG -> ST : ctrl-z
* ST -> FG : fg command
* ST -> BG : bg command
* BG -> FG : fg command
* At most 1 job can be in the FG state.
*/
/* Global variables */
extern char **environ; /* defined in libc */
char prompt[] = "tsh> "; /* command line prompt (DO NOT CHANGE) */
int verbose = 0; /* if true, print additional output */
int nextjid = 1; /* next job ID to allocate */
char sbuf[MAXLINE]; /* for composing sprintf messages */
//是否正在等待的前台完成
volatile sig_atomic_t waiting =0;
volatile sig_atomic_t waitingPid =-1;//正在等待的前台的pid，仅当waiting为1时有效
struct job_t { /* The job struct */
pid_t pid; /* job PID */
int jid; /* job ID [1, 2, ...] */
int state; /* UNDEF, BG, FG, or ST */
char cmdline[MAXLINE]; /* command line */
};
struct job_t jobs[MAXJOBS]; /* The job list */
/* End global variables */
/* Function prototypes */
/* Here are the functions that you will implement */
void eval(char *cmdline);
int builtin_cmd(char **argv);
void do_bgfg(char **argv);
void waitfg(pid_t pid, sigset_t *set);
void sigchld_handler(int sig);
void sigtstp_handler(int sig);
void sigint_handler(int sig);
//包装函数
void Sigfillset(sigset_t *);
void Sigemptyset(sigset_t *);
void Sigaddset(sigset_t *, int);
void Sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldsest);
/* Here are helper routines that we've provided for you */
int parseline(const char *cmdline, char **argv);
void sigquit_handler(int sig);
void clearjob(struct job_t *job);
void initjobs(struct job_t *jobs);
int maxjid(struct job_t *jobs);
int addjob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid, int state, char *cmdline);
int deletejob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid);
pid_t fgpid(struct job_t *jobs);
struct job_t *getjobpid(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid);
struct job_t *getjobjid(struct job_t *jobs, int jid);
int pid2jid(pid_t pid);
void listjobs(struct job_t *jobs);
void usage(void);
void unix_error(char *msg);
void app_error(char *msg);
typedef void handler_t(int);
handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler);
/*
* main - The shell's main routine
*/
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
char c;
char cmdline[MAXLINE];
int emit_prompt = 1; /* emit prompt (default) */
/* Redirect stderr to stdout (so that driver will get all output
* on the pipe connected to stdout) */
dup2(1, 2);
/* Parse the command line */
while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "hvp")) != EOF) {
switch (c) {
case 'h': /* print help message */
usage();
break;
case 'v': /* emit additional diagnostic info */
verbose = 1;
break;
case 'p': /* don't print a prompt */
emit_prompt = 0; /* handy for automatic testing */
break;
default:
usage();
}
}
/* Install the signal handlers */
/* These are the ones you will need to implement */
Signal(SIGINT, sigint_handler); /* ctrl-c */
Signal(SIGTSTP, sigtstp_handler); /* ctrl-z */
Signal(SIGCHLD, sigchld_handler); /* Terminated or stopped child */
/* This one provides a clean way to kill the shell */
Signal(SIGQUIT, sigquit_handler);
/* Initialize the job list */
initjobs(jobs);
/* Execute the shell's read/eval loop */
while (1) {
/* Read command line */
if (emit_prompt) {
printf("%s", prompt);
fflush(stdout);
}
if ((fgets(cmdline, MAXLINE, stdin) == NULL) && ferror(stdin))
app_error("fgets error");
if (feof(stdin)) { /* End of file (ctrl-d) */
fflush(stdout);
exit(0);
}
/* Evaluate the command line */
eval(cmdline);
fflush(stdout);
fflush(stdout);
}
exit(0); /* control never reaches here */
}
/*
* eval - Evaluate the command line that the user has just typed in
*
* If the user has requested a built-in command (quit, jobs, bg or fg)
* then execute it immediately. Otherwise, fork a child process and
* run the job in the context of the child. If the job is running in
* the foreground, wait for it to terminate and then return. Note:
* each child process must have a unique process group ID so that our
* background children don't receive SIGINT (SIGTSTP) from the kernel
* when we type ctrl-c (ctrl-z) at the keyboard.
*/
void eval(char *cmdline) {
char *argv[MAXARGS + 1];
int bg = parseline(cmdline, (char **) &argv);
if (!builtin_cmd((char **) &argv)) {
pid_t pid;
sigset_t mask_one, prev_one;
//其实好像不需要阻塞全部信号
//Sigfillset(&mask_all);
Sigemptyset(&mask_one);
Sigaddset(&mask_one, SIGCHLD);
//这里要显示阻塞CHILD信号,防止子进程提早执行完但父进程还未addjob
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_one, &prev_one);
if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
unix_error("Fork error");
}
if (pid == 0) {//Child runs here
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_one, NULL);//unblock 子进程的SIGCHLD
setpgid(pid, 0);
if (execve(argv[0], argv, environ) < 0) {
printf("%s: Command not found\n", argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
}
//Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_all, NULL);
addjob(jobs, pid, ((bg == 1) ? BG : FG), cmdline);
//Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask_one, NULL);
//这里是不是有点多此一举？应该不是，毕竟ctrl+z和ctrl+c的信号不应该在这里阻塞的，不然就死锁了
if (!bg) {
waiting=1;
waitingPid=pid;
waitfg(pid, &prev_one);
} else {
printf("[%d] (%d) %s", pid2jid(pid), pid, cmdline);
}
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_one, NULL);
}
return;
}
/*
* parseline - Parse the command line and build the argv array.
*
* Characters enclosed in single quotes are treated as a single
* argument. Return true if the user has requested a BG job, false if
* the user has requested a FG job.
*/
int parseline(const char *cmdline, char **argv) {
static char array[MAXLINE]; /* holds local copy of command line */
char *buf = array; /* ptr that traverses command line */
char *delim; /* points to first space delimiter */
int argc; /* number of args */
int bg; /* background job? */
strcpy(buf, cmdline);
buf[strlen(buf) - 1] = ' '; /* replace trailing '\n' with space */
while (*buf && (*buf == ' ')) /* ignore leading spaces */
buf++;
/* Build the argv list */
argc = 0;
if (*buf == '\'') {
buf++;
delim = strchr(buf, '\'');
} else {
delim = strchr(buf, ' ');
}
while (delim) {
argv[argc++] = buf;
*delim = '\0';
buf = delim + 1;
while (*buf && (*buf == ' ')) /* ignore spaces */
buf++;
if (*buf == '\'') {
buf++;
delim = strchr(buf, '\'');
} else {
delim = strchr(buf, ' ');
}
}
argv[argc] = NULL;
if (argc == 0) /* ignore blank line */
return 1;
/* should the job run in the background? */
if ((bg = (*argv[argc - 1] == '&')) != 0) {
argv[--argc] = NULL;
}
return bg;
}
/*
* builtin_cmd - If the user has typed a built-in command then execute
* it immediately.
*/
int builtin_cmd(char **argv) {
if (!strcmp(argv[0], "quit")) {
//是不是还需要回收子进程？
while (waitpid(-1, NULL, 0) > 0);
exit(0);
}
if (!strcmp(argv[0], "jobs")) {
listjobs(jobs);
return 1;
}
if (!strncmp(argv[0], "bg", 2) || !strncmp(argv[0], "fg", 2)) {
do_bgfg(argv);
return 1;
}
return 0; /* not a builtin command */
}
/*
* do_bgfg - Execute the builtin bg and fg commands
*/
void do_bgfg(char **argv) {
int bOrf, isJob, id;
char *temp;
if (!strncmp(argv[0], "bg", 2)) {
bOrf = 0;
} else {
bOrf = 1;
}
if(argv[1]==NULL){
if(!bOrf){
printf("bg command requires PID or %%jobid argument\n");
}else{
printf("fg command requires PID or %%jobid argument\n");
}
return;
}
struct job_t *job;
if (!strncmp(argv[1], "%%", 1)) {
isJob = 1;
temp = argv[1]+1;
id = atoi(temp);
job = getjobjid(jobs, id);
} else {
isJob = 0;
temp = argv[1];
id = atoi(temp);
job = getjobpid(jobs, id);
}
if(id==0){
if(bOrf){
printf("fg: argument must be a PID or %%jobid\n");
}else{
printf("bg: argument must be a PID or %%jobid\n");
}
return;
}
if (job == NULL) {
if (!isJob) {
printf("(%d): No such process\n",id);
} else {
printf("%%%d: No such job\n",id);
}
return;
} else {
if (0 == bOrf) {//bg
job->state = BG;
kill(-job->pid, SIGCONT);
printf("[%d] (%d) %s", job->jid, job->pid, job->cmdline);
} else {//fg
//waitfg
job->state = FG;
sigset_t mask, prev;
Sigemptyset(&mask);
Sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD);
//这里要显示阻塞CHILD信号,防止子进程唤醒，执行完，回收完了，父进程才去判断，就会一直等
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &prev);
waiting=1;
waitingPid=job->pid;
kill(-job->pid, SIGCONT);
waitfg(job->pid, &prev);
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev, NULL);
}
}
return;
}
/*
* waitfg - Block until process pid is no longer the foreground process
*/
void waitfg(pid_t pid, sigset_t *set) {
while (waiting==1) {
sigsuspend(set);
}
return;
}
/*****************
* Signal handlers
*****************/
/*
* sigchld_handler - The kernel sends a SIGCHLD to the shell whenever
* a child job terminates (becomes a zombie), or stops because it
* received a SIGSTOP or SIGTSTP signal. The handler reaps all
* available zombie children, but doesn't wait for any other
* currently running children to terminate.
*/
void sigchld_handler(int sig) {
int temp = errno;
pid_t cpid;
int status;
sigset_t mask_all, prev_one;
Sigfillset(&mask_all);
while ((cpid = waitpid(-1, &status, WUNTRACED | WNOHANG)) > 0) {
//这里应该判断是挂起还是终止，根据不同来更新或删除job
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_all, &prev_one);
if(cpid==waitingPid)
waiting=0;
if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
deletejob(jobs, cpid);
} else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
printf("Job [%d] (%d) terminated by signal %d\n", pid2jid(cpid), cpid, WTERMSIG(status));
deletejob(jobs, cpid);
} else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
struct job_t *fjob = getjobpid(jobs, cpid);
fjob->state = ST;
printf("Job [%d] (%d) stopped by signal 20\n", pid2jid(cpid), cpid);
}
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_one, NULL);
}
errno = temp;
return;
}
/*
* sigint_handler - The kernel sends a SIGINT to the shell whenver the
* user types ctrl-c at the keyboard. Catch it and send it along
* to the foreground job.
*/
void sigint_handler(int sig) {
int temp = errno;
pid_t fpid;
fpid = fgpid(jobs);
if (fpid > 0) {
kill(-fpid, SIGINT);//向整个进程组发
}
errno = temp;
return;
}
/*
* sigtstp_handler - The kernel sends a SIGTSTP to the shell whenever
* the user types ctrl-z at the keyboard. Catch it and suspend the
* foreground job by sending it a SIGTSTP.
*/
void sigtstp_handler(int sig) {
pid_t fpid;
fpid = fgpid(jobs);
if (fpid > 0) {
kill(-fpid, SIGTSTP);//向整个进程组发
}
return;
}
/*********************
* End signal handlers
*********************/
/***********************************************
* Helper routines that manipulate the job list
**********************************************/
/* clearjob - Clear the entries in a job struct */
void clearjob(struct job_t *job) {
job->pid = 0;
job->jid = 0;
job->state = UNDEF;
job->cmdline[0] = '\0';
}
/* initjobs - Initialize the job list */
void initjobs(struct job_t *jobs) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
clearjob(&jobs[i]);
}
/* maxjid - Returns largest allocated job ID */
int maxjid(struct job_t *jobs) {
int i, max = 0;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
if (jobs[i].jid > max)
max = jobs[i].jid;
return max;
}
/* addjob - Add a job to the job list */
int addjob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid, int state, char *cmdline) {
int i;
if (pid < 1)
return 0;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++) {
if (jobs[i].pid == 0) {
jobs[i].pid = pid;
jobs[i].state = state;
jobs[i].jid = nextjid++;
if (nextjid > MAXJOBS)
nextjid = 1;
strcpy(jobs[i].cmdline, cmdline);
if (verbose) {
printf("Added job [%d] %d %s\n", jobs[i].jid, jobs[i].pid, jobs[i].cmdline);
}
return 1;
}
}
printf("Tried to create too many jobs\n");
return 0;
}
/* deletejob - Delete a job whose PID=pid from the job list */
int deletejob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid) {
int i;
if (pid < 1)
return 0;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++) {
if (jobs[i].pid == pid) {
clearjob(&jobs[i]);
nextjid = maxjid(jobs) + 1;
return 1;
}
}
return 0;
}
/* fgpid - Return PID of current foreground job, 0 if no such job */
pid_t fgpid(struct job_t *jobs) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
if (jobs[i].state == FG)
return jobs[i].pid;
return 0;
}
/* getjobpid - Find a job (by PID) on the job list */
struct job_t *getjobpid(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid) {
int i;
if (pid < 1)
return NULL;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
if (jobs[i].pid == pid)
return &jobs[i];
return NULL;
}
/* getjobjid - Find a job (by JID) on the job list */
struct job_t *getjobjid(struct job_t *jobs, int jid) {
int i;
if (jid < 1)
return NULL;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
if (jobs[i].jid == jid)
return &jobs[i];
return NULL;
}
/* pid2jid - Map process ID to job ID */
int pid2jid(pid_t pid) {
int i;
if (pid < 1)
return 0;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
if (jobs[i].pid == pid) {
return jobs[i].jid;
}
return 0;
}
/* listjobs - Print the job list */
void listjobs(struct job_t *jobs) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++) {
if (jobs[i].pid != 0) {
printf("[%d] (%d) ", jobs[i].jid, jobs[i].pid);
switch (jobs[i].state) {
case BG:
printf("Running ");
break;
case FG:
printf("Foreground ");
break;
case ST:
printf("Stopped ");
break;
default:
printf("listjobs: Internal error: job[%d].state=%d ",
i, jobs[i].state);
}
printf("%s", jobs[i].cmdline);
}
}
}
/******************************
* end job list helper routines
******************************/
/***********************
* Other helper routines
***********************/
/*
* usage - print a help message
*/
void usage(void) {
printf("Usage: shell [-hvp]\n");
printf(" -h print this message\n");
printf(" -v print additional diagnostic information\n");
printf(" -p do not emit a command prompt\n");
exit(1);
}
/*
* unix_error - unix-style error routine
*/
void unix_error(char *msg) {
fprintf(stdout, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
/*
* app_error - application-style error routine
*/
void app_error(char *msg) {
fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", msg);
exit(1);
}
/*
* Signal - wrapper for the sigaction function
*/
handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler) {
struct sigaction action, old_action;
action.sa_handler = handler;
sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask); /* block sigs of type being handled */
action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART; /* restart syscalls if possible */
if (sigaction(signum, &action, &old_action) < 0)
unix_error("Signal error");
return (old_action.sa_handler);
}
/*
* sigquit_handler - The driver program can gracefully terminate the
* child shell by sending it a SIGQUIT signal.
*/
void sigquit_handler(int sig) {
printf("Terminating after receipt of SIGQUIT signal\n");
exit(1);
}
void Sigfillset(sigset_t *set) {
if (sigfillset(set) < 0) {
unix_error("sigfillset error");
}
}
void Sigemptyset(sigset_t *set) {
if (sigemptyset(set) < 0) {
unix_error("sigemptyset error");
}
}
void Sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int num) {
if (sigaddset(set, num) < 0) {
unix_error("sigaddset error");
}
}
void Sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldsest) {
if (sigprocmask(how, set, oldsest) < 0) {
unix_error("sigprocmask error");
}
}
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