再谈重载:一个矢量类(随机漫步)

//vector.h
#ifndef VECTOR_h_
#define VECTOR_h_
#include <iostream>

namespace VECTOR
{
	class Vector{
	public:
		enum Mode{RECT,POL};//RECT表示x,y
	private:
		double x;//x坐标
		double y;//y坐标
		double mag;//长度
		double ang;//弧度  
		Mode mode;//模式，根据模式来决定坐标输出时的形式
		void set_mag();
		void set_ang();//设置极坐标（根据x，y坐标）
		void set_x();
		void set_y();//设置x、y坐标（根据极坐标）
	public:
		Vector();
		Vector(double n1,double n2,Mode form=RECT);//默认构造函数，默认为x、y坐标赋值
		void reset(double n1,double n2,Mode form=RECT);//重置坐标
		~Vector();
		double xval()const{return x;}
                double yval()const{return y;}
		double magval()const{return mag;}
		double angval()const{return ang;}//返回坐标
		void polar_mode();
		void rect_mode();
		Vector operator+(const Vector & b)const;//运算符重载，创建一个新对象然后返回对象，不用引用
		Vector operator-(const Vector & b)const;
		Vector operator-()const;
		Vector operator*(double n)const;

		friend Vector operator*(double n,const Vector & a);
		friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream &os,const Vector & v);//用于cout或其他输出
	};
}
#endif
//vector.cpp
//Vector要实现矢量的基本运算
#include <cmath>
#include "vector.h"
using std::sqrt;
using std::sin;
using std::cos;
using std::atan;
using std::atan2;
using std::cout;

namespace VECTOR
{
	const double Rad_to_deg=45.0/atan(1.0);

	void Vector::set_mag(){
		mag=sqrt(x*x+y*y);//利用坐标求距离
	}
	void Vector::set_ang(){
		if (x==0.0&&y==0.0)
		{
			ang=0.0;
		} 
		else{ang=atan2(y,x);}//利用坐标求角度
	} 
	void Vector::set_x(){
		x=mag*cos(ang);//临边(x) = cos弧度*斜边
	}
	void Vector::set_y(){
		y=mag*sin(ang);//对边(y) = sin弧度*斜边
	}

	Vector::Vector(){
		x=y=mag=ang=0.0;
		mode=RECT;
	}
	Vector::Vector(double n1,double n2,Mode form){
		mode=form;
		if (form==RECT)
		{
			x=n1;
			y=n2;
			set_mag();
			set_ang();
		} 
		else if (form==POL)
		{
			mag=n1;
			ang =n2;
			set_x();
			set_y();
		} 
		else
		{
			cout<<"incorrect 3rd argument to vector()--";
			cout<<"vector set to 0\n";
			x=y=mag=ang=0.0;
			mode=RECT;
		}
	}
	void Vector::reset(double n1,double n2,Mode form){
		mode=form;
		if (form==RECT)
		{
			x=n1;
			y=n2;
			set_mag();
			set_ang();
		} 
		else if (form==POL)
		{
			mag=n1;
			ang =n2;
			set_x();
			set_y();
		} 
		else
		{
			cout<<"incorrect 3rd argument to vector()--";
			cout<<"vector set to 0\n";
			x=y=mag=ang=0.0;
			mode=RECT;
		}

	}
	Vector::~Vector(){
	}
	void Vector::polar_mode(){
		mode=POL;
	}
	void Vector::rect_mode(){
		mode=RECT;
	}

	Vector Vector::operator+(const Vector & b)const{
		return Vector(x+b.x,y+b.y);
	}
	Vector Vector::operator-(const Vector & b)const{
		return Vector(x-b.x,y-b.y);
	}
	Vector Vector::operator-()const{
		return Vector(-x,-y);
	}
	Vector Vector::operator*(double n)const{
		return Vector(n*x,n*y);
	}

	Vector operator*(double n,const Vector & a){
		return a*n;
	}
	std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream &os,const Vector & v){
		if (v.mode==Vector::RECT)
		{
			os<<"(x,y)=("<<v.x<<","<<v.y<<")";
		} 
		else if (v.mode==Vector::POL)
		{
			os<<"(m,a)=("<<v.mag<<","
			  <<v.ang*Rad_to_deg<<")";
		} 
		else
		{
	        os<<"vector object mode is invalid";
		}
		return os;
	}

}
//randwalk.cpp
//随机漫步问题:将一个人领到街灯柱下，这个人开始走动，但每一步方向都是随机的(与前一步不同)。求这个人走到离灯柱50英尺需要多少步。
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>
#include <fstream>
#include "vector.h"

int main(){
	using namespace std; 
	using VECTOR::Vector;

	ofstream fout;//声明一个输出的对象 
	fout.open("walk.txt");//打开文件  
	srand(time(0));//设置随机数种子
	double direction;//方向
	Vector step;//新的一步
	Vector result(0.0,0.0);//当前位置  
	unsigned long steps=0;//步数  
	double target;//目标距离  
	double dstep;//每一步的距离

	cout<<"输入目标距离 (q退出):";
	while(cin>>target){
		cout<<"输入步长：";
		if (!(cin>>dstep)){
			break;}
		fout<< "目标距离: " << target <<", 步长: " << dstep<<endl;  
		fout << 0 << ": " << result << endl; 
		while(result.magval()<target){
			//离起点的距离还没达到目标距离，就要继续执行 
			direction=rand()%360;//随机一个方向，角度
			step.reset(dstep,direction,Vector::POL);//当前的一步  
			result=result+step;//当前的实际位置
			steps++;//计数
			fout<< steps << ": " << result << endl; //记录每一步,存到文件中
		}
		cout<<steps<<"步后,对象到达以下位置:\n";
		cout<<result<<endl;
		fout<<steps<<"步后,对象到达以下位置:\n";
		fout<<result<<endl;//
		result.polar_mode();
		cout<<"or\n"<<result<<endl;
		fout<<"or\n"<<result<<endl;//
		cout<<"每步平均向外移动="<<result.magval()/steps<<endl;
		fout<<"每步平均向外移动="<<result.magval()/steps<<endl;
		steps=0;
		result.reset(0.0,0.0);
		cout<<"输入目标距离 (q退出)：";
	}
	cout<<"Bye!!\n";
	cin.clear();
	while(cin.get()!='\n')
		continue;
	fout.close(); 
	return 0;
}