超详细！带你学习Linux磁盘管理

首先，我们来说一下为什么要进行磁盘分区？有以下两点：

• 数据的安全性
• 系统的功能考虑（读取数据的速度）

那么，磁盘的类型有哪些呢？

BIOS：是计算机系统中用于初始化硬件、启动操作系统和提供基本输入/输出功能的固件

MBR：用于在硬盘驱动器上存储引导加载程序和分区表的特殊区域，MBR通常位于硬盘的第一个扇区（通常是扇区0），占据约512个字节的空间。

• 主分区
• 拓展分区(又能变成逻辑分区)
• 逻辑分区

GPT：是一种用于在硬盘驱动器上存储分区信息的分区表格式。GPT是一种较新的、更先进的分区方案，相对于传统的MBR来说，GPT具有更多的优势和功能，有128个分区

命令

lsblk                 //查看分区 

 swap              //交换分区

管理逻辑卷（LVM）

[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /mnt         //扩容之后格式化

[root@localhost ~]# df -h           //查看

[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt         //取消/mnt目录下挂载的文件系统
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1   //删除逻辑卷
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg1/lv1? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "lv1" successfully removed.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2    //对/dev/nvme0n2设备进行分区管理删除分区
d           //是在fdisk命令的交互式界面中输入的一个命令，用于删除分区

下面我们来具体实操一下：

重要步骤：

• 创建
• 格式化
• 挂载

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk   //显示块设备的层次结构
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0            11:0    1  8.9G  0 rom  /mnt
nvme0n1       259:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2   259:2    0   19G  0 part 
  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /
  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
nvme0n2       259:3    0   10G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n2p1   259:4    0    2G  0 part 
├─nvme0n2p2   259:5    0    2G  0 part /root/test2
├─nvme0n2p3   259:6    0    2G  0 part 
├─nvme0n2p4   259:7    0    1K  0 part 
└─nvme0n2p5   259:8    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/nvme0n2  //将指定的设备或文件作为交换空间启用
/dev/nvme0n2    /dev/nvme0n2p2  /dev/nvme0n2p4  
/dev/nvme0n2p1  /dev/nvme0n2p3  /dev/nvme0n2p5  
[root@localhost ~]# blkid    //查看每个块设备的详细信息
/dev/mapper/rhel-swap: UUID="8c92af1a-ddcd-4823-8fc8-828acbfa2bc1" TYPE="swap"
/dev/nvme0n1p1: UUID="d3e8f281-eaa5-4a21-afc2-93f153b30d50" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="c7a68f2c-01"
/dev/nvme0n1p2: UUID="ZNeKc9-C1qJ-y2ea-2VKD-R30C-vqP0-pcD0xt" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="c7a68f2c-02"
/dev/sr0: UUID="2023-04-13-16-58-02-00" LABEL="RHEL-9-2-0-BaseOS-x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="d3d1f9a5" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/nvme0n2p3: UUID="24ced1c3-ebde-403d-ad73-c706da608eed" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="9d205cd2-03"
/dev/nvme0n2p1: UUID="f29e8e89-5129-4e02-b46e-31d07cc2deb9" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="9d205cd2-01"
/dev/nvme0n2p2: UUID="984b2cad-287f-4c47-9575-7e4b8599b061" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="9d205cd2-02"
/dev/nvme0n2p5: UUID="c98a1259-55fd-48bf-8cdd-50a2d9b09d23" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="9d205cd2-05"
/dev/mapper/rhel-root: UUID="96ddd388-7e98-4e53-9380-d5a1c8455dc5" TYPE="xfs"
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff -a   //关闭系统中当前所有的交换空间
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0            11:0    1  8.9G  0 rom  /mnt
nvme0n1       259:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2   259:2    0   19G  0 part 
  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /
  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  
nvme0n2       259:3    0   10G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n2p1   259:4    0    2G  0 part 
├─nvme0n2p2   259:5    0    2G  0 part /root/test2
├─nvme0n2p3   259:6    0    2G  0 part 
├─nvme0n2p4   259:7    0    1K  0 part 
└─nvme0n2p5   259:8    0    4G  0 part 
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab   //用vim打开需要挂载的文件系统以及挂载选项
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0            11:0    1  8.9G  0 rom  /mnt
nvme0n1       259:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2   259:2    0   19G  0 part 
  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /
  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  
nvme0n2       259:3    0   10G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n2p1   259:4    0    2G  0 part 
├─nvme0n2p2   259:5    0    2G  0 part /root/test2
├─nvme0n2p3   259:6    0    2G  0 part 
├─nvme0n2p4   259:7    0    1K  0 part 
└─nvme0n2p5   259:8    0    4G  0 part 
[root@localhost ~]# yum -i httpd    //用yum下载httpd
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.

No such command: httpd. Please use /usr/bin/yum --help
It could be a YUM plugin command, try: "yum install 'dnf-command(httpd)'"
[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt
[root@localhost mnt]# ll
total 44
drwxr-xr-x. 1 lisi systemd-oom  2048 Apr 14  2023 AppStream
drwxr-xr-x. 1 lisi systemd-oom  2048 Apr 14  2023 BaseOS
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 EFI
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  8154 Apr 14  2023 EULA
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  1455 Apr 14  2023 extra_files.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom 18092 Apr 14  2023 GPL
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 images
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 isolinux
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom   103 Apr 14  2023 media.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  1669 Apr 14  2023 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  3682 Apr 14  2023 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[root@localhost mnt]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@localhost mnt]# ll
total 44
drwxr-xr-x. 1 lisi systemd-oom  2048 Apr 14  2023 AppStream
drwxr-xr-x. 1 lisi systemd-oom  2048 Apr 14  2023 BaseOS
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 EFI
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  8154 Apr 14  2023 EULA
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  1455 Apr 14  2023 extra_files.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom 18092 Apr 14  2023 GPL
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 images
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 isolinux
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom   103 Apr 14  2023 media.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  1669 Apr 14  2023 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  3682 Apr 14  2023 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[root@localhost mnt]# exit
logout
Connection closed.
...
There was 1 failed login attempt since the last successful login.
Last login: Tue Nov 21 20:40:33 2023
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n3

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.4).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x5278d3f8.

Command (m for help): n    //新建分区
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): 

Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): 
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): 

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.

Command (m for help): p    //显示分区表
Disk /dev/nvme0n3: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual NVMe Disk
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5278d3f8

Device         Boot Start      End  Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n3p1       2048 20971519 20969472  10G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w   //保存更改
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0            11:0    1  8.9G  0 rom  /mnt
nvme0n1       259:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2   259:2    0   19G  0 part 
  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /
  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  
nvme0n2       259:3    0   10G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n2p1   259:4    0    2G  0 part /test
├─nvme0n2p2   259:5    0    2G  0 part /test2
├─nvme0n2p3   259:6    0    2G  0 part 
├─nvme0n2p4   259:7    0    1K  0 part 
└─nvme0n2p5   259:8    0    4G  0 part 
nvme0n3       259:9    0   10G  0 disk 
└─nvme0n3p1   259:11   0   10G  0 part 
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvm0n2

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.4).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

fdisk: cannot open /dev/nvm0n2: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.4).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea.
It's recommended to umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap
partitions on this disk.

Command (m for help): d     //删除分区
Partition number (1-5, default 5): 1

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Failed to remove partition 2 from system: Device or resource busy
Failed to update system information about partition 1: Device or resource busy

The kernel still uses the old partitions. The new table will be used at the next reboot. 
Syncing disks.

​
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/nvme0n2p3        //格式化nvme0n2p3
meta-data=/dev/nvme0n2p3         isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1    bigtime=1 inobtcount=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=524288, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir test3    //创建一个名为test3的文件
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/nvme0n2p3  /root/test3     //将nvme0n2p3挂载到test3上 

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep lvm    //列出系统上已安装的所有RPM包，并筛选出包含"lvm"关键字的包
llvm-libs-15.0.7-1.el9.x86_64
lvm2-libs-2.03.17-7.el9.x86_64
lvm2-2.03.17-7.el9.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# pv
pvchange   pvcreate   pvmove     pvresize   pvscan     
pvck       pvdisplay  pvremove   pvs        
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/nvme0n2p1 /devnvme0n3p1    将/dev/nvme0n2p1和/dev/nvme0n3p1这两个设备初始化为LVM中的物理卷
  No device found for /devnvme0n3p1.
  Can't open /dev/nvme0n2p1 exclusively.  Mounted filesystem?
  Can't open /dev/nvme0n2p1 exclusively.  Mounted filesystem?
  Error opening device /dev/nvme0n2p1 for reading at 0 length 4096.
  Cannot use /dev/nvme0n2p1: device has a signature

[root@localhost ~]# lv
lvchange        lvm             lvm_import_vdo  lvremove
lvconvert       lvmconfig       lvmpolld        lvrename
lvcreate        lvmdevices      lvmsadc         lvresize
lvdisplay       lvmdiskscan     lvmsar          lvs
lvextend        lvmdump         lvreduce        lvscan
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -n lv1 -l 100%FREE vg1  //在卷组vg1中创建一个名为lv1的逻辑卷，并且使用卷组中的所有可用空间
  Logical volume "lv1" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
  LV   VG   Attr       LSize   Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root rhel -wi-ao---- <17.00g                                                    
  swap rhel -wi-a-----   2.00g                                                    
  lv1  vg1  -wi-a-----  11.99g                                                    
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vg1/lv1  //在逻辑卷/dev/vg1/lv1上创建一个XFS文件系统
meta-data=/dev/vg1/lv1           isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=785920 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1    bigtime=1 inobtcount=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=3143680, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg1/lv1? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "lv1" successfully removed.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs   //显示逻辑卷的信息
  LV   VG   Attr       LSize   Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root rhel -wi-ao---- <17.00g                                                    
  swap rhel -wi-a-----   2.00g                                                    
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -n lv1 -L 8G vg1   //创建一个8GB大小的逻辑卷
WARNING: xfs signature detected on /dev/vg1/lv1 at offset 0. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
  Wiping xfs signature on /dev/vg1/lv1.
  Logical volume "lv1" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
  LV   VG   Attr       LSize   Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root rhel -wi-ao---- <17.00g                                                    
  swap rhel -wi-a-----   2.00g                                                    
  lv1  vg1  -wi-a-----   8.00g                                                    
[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt
[root@localhost mnt]# ll
total 44
drwxr-xr-x. 1 lisi systemd-oom  2048 Apr 14  2023 AppStream
drwxr-xr-x. 1 lisi systemd-oom  2048 Apr 14  2023 BaseOS
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 EFI
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  8154 Apr 14  2023 EULA
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  1455 Apr 14  2023 extra_files.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom 18092 Apr 14  2023 GPL
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 images
drwxrwxr-x. 1 root root         2048 Apr 14  2023 isolinux
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom   103 Apr 14  2023 media.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  1669 Apr 14  2023 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
-rw-r--r--. 1 lisi systemd-oom  3682 Apr 14  2023 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[root@localhost mnt]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# mount | grep /mnt    //显示系统上所有已挂载的文件系统，并且过滤出挂载点为/mnt的文件系统
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1 on /mnt type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,noquota)
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend /dev/vg1/lv1 -L +2g   //将这个逻辑卷的大小扩展2GB
  Size of logical volume vg1/lv1 changed from 8.00 GiB (2048 extents) to 10.00 GiB (2560 extents).
  Logical volume vg1/lv1 successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /mnt     //在XFS文件系统上扩展已有的文件系统
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs               4.0M     0  4.0M   0% /dev
tmpfs                  876M     0  876M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  351M  8.6M  342M   3% /run
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   17G  5.4G   12G  32% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1        1014M  293M  722M  29% /boot
tmpfs                  176M   88K  175M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1     10G  104M  9.9G   2% /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1     //移除逻辑卷/dev/vg1/lv1
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg1/lv1? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "lv1" successfully removed.
[root@localhost ~]# vgremove /dev/vg1    //移除名为vg1的卷组
  Volume group "vg1" successfully removed
[root@localhost ~]# pvremove /dev/nvme0n2p1 /dev/nvme0n3p1    //移除物理卷/dev/nvme0n2p1和/dev/nvme0n3p1
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/nvme0n2p1" successfully wiped.
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/nvme0n3p1" successfully wiped.
[root@localhost ~]# pvs     //显示物理卷的信息
  PV             VG   Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree
  /dev/nvme0n1p2 rhel lvm2 a--  <19.00g    0 
[root@localhost ~]# vgs   //显示系统上所有卷组的信息
  VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  rhel   1   2   0 wz--n- <19.00g    0