目录
1.栈
1.1栈的概念及结构
栈：一种特殊的线性表，其只允许在固定的一端进行插入和删除元素操作。进行数据插入和删除操作的一端 称为栈顶，另一端称为栈底。栈中的数据元素遵守后进先出LIFO（Last In First Out）的原则。
压栈：栈的插入操作叫做进栈/压栈/入栈，入数据在栈顶。
出栈：栈的删除操作叫做出栈。出数据也在栈顶。
1.2栈的实现
栈的实现一般可以使用数组或者链表实现，相对而言数组的结构实现更优一些。因为数组在尾上插入数据的代价比较小。
Stack.h:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <assert.h>
typedef int STDataType;
typedef struct Stack
{
STDataType* a;
int top;
int capacity;
}ST;
//初始化和销毁
void STInit(ST* pst);
void STDestroy(ST* pst);
//入栈和出栈
void STPush(ST* pst, STDataType x);
void STPop(ST* pst);
//取出栈顶元素
STDataType STTop(ST* pst);
//判空
bool STEmpty(ST* pst);
//获取数据个数
int STSize(ST* pst);Stack.c
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include "Stack.h"
//初始化
void STInit(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
pst->a = NULL;
// top指向栈顶数据的下一个位置
pst->top = 0;
// top指向栈顶数据
//pst->top = -1;
pst->capacity = 0;
}
//销毁
void STDestroy(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
free(pst->a);
pst->a = NULL;
pst->top = pst->capacity = 0;
}
//入栈
void STPush(ST* pst, STDataType x)
{
assert(pst);
//扩容
if (pst->top == pst->capacity) {
int newcapacity = pst->capacity == 0 ? 4 : pst->capacity*2;
STDataType* tmp = (STDataType*)realloc(pst->a, newcapacity * sizeof(STDataType));
if (tmp == NULL)
{
perror("realloc fail");
return;
}
pst->a = tmp;
pst->capacity = newcapacity;
}
pst->a[pst->top] = x;
pst->top++;
}
//出栈
void STPop(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
assert(pst->top > 0);
pst->top--;
}
//取出栈顶元素
STDataType STTop(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
assert(pst->top > 0);
return pst->a[pst->top - 1];//取法问题
}
//判空
bool STEmpty(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
return pst->top == 0;
}
//获取元素个数
int STSize(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
return pst->top;//不是capacity(容量)
}test.c
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include"Stack.h"
int main()
{
// 入栈：1 2 3 4
// 出栈：4 3 2 1 / 2 4 3 1
ST s;
STInit(&s);
STPush(&s, 1);
STPush(&s, 2);
printf("%d ", STTop(&s));
STPop(&s);
STPush(&s, 3);
STPush(&s, 4);
while (!STEmpty(&s))
{
printf("%d ", STTop(&s));
STPop(&s);
}
STDestroy(&s);
}
2.队列
2.1队列的概念及结构
队列：只允许在一端进行插入数据操作，在另一端进行删除数据操作的特殊线性表，队列具有先进先出FIFO(First In First Out)
入队列：进行插入操作的一端称为队尾;
出队列：进行删除操作的一端称为队头;
2.2队列的实现
队列也可以数组和链表的结构实现，使用链表的结构实现更优一些，因为如果使用数组的结构，出队列在数组头上出数据，效率会比较低。
Queue.h:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <assert.h>
typedef int QDataType;
typedef struct QueueNode
{
struct QueueNode* next;
QDataType val;
}QNode;
typedef struct Queue
{
QNode* phead;
QNode* ptail;
int size;
}Queue;
void QueueInit(Queue* pq);
void QueueDestroy(Queue* pq);
// 队尾插入
void QueuePush(Queue* pq, QDataType x);
// 队头删除
void QueuePop(Queue* pq);
// 取队头和队尾的数据
QDataType QueueFront(Queue* pq);
QDataType QueueBack(Queue* pq);
int QueueSize(Queue* pq);
bool QueueEmpty(Queue* pq);
Queue.c:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include"Queue.h"
void QueueInit(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
pq->phead = NULL;
pq->ptail = NULL;
pq->size = 0;
}
void QueueDestroy(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
QNode* cur = pq->phead;
while (cur)
{
QNode* next = cur->next;
free(cur);
cur = next;
}
pq->phead = pq->ptail = NULL;
pq->size = 0;
}
// 队尾插入
void QueuePush(Queue* pq, QDataType x)
{
assert(pq);
QNode* newnode = (QNode*)malloc(sizeof(QNode));
if (newnode == NULL)
{
perror("malloc fail");
return;
}
newnode->next = NULL;
newnode->val = x;
if (pq->ptail == NULL)
{
pq->phead = pq->ptail = newnode;
}
else
{
pq->ptail->next = newnode;
pq->ptail = newnode;
}
pq->size++;
}
// 队头删除
void QueuePop(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
assert(pq->size != 0);
/*QNode* next = pq->phead->next;
free(pq->phead);
pq->phead = next;
if (pq->phead == NULL)
pq->ptail = NULL;*/
// 一个节点
if (pq->phead->next == NULL)
{
free(pq->phead);
pq->phead = pq->ptail = NULL;
}
else // 多个节点
{
QNode* next = pq->phead->next;
free(pq->phead);
pq->phead = next;
}
pq->size--;
}
QDataType QueueFront(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
assert(pq->phead);
return pq->phead->val;
}
QDataType QueueBack(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
assert(pq->ptail);
return pq->ptail->val;
}
int QueueSize(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
return pq->size;
}
bool QueueEmpty(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
return pq->size == 0;
}test.c:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include"Queue.h"
int main()
{
Queue q;
QueueInit(&q);
QueuePush(&q, 1);
QueuePush(&q, 2);
printf("%d ", QueueFront(&q));
QueuePop(&q);
QueuePush(&q, 3);
QueuePush(&q, 4);
while (!QueueEmpty(&q))
{
printf("%d ", QueueFront(&q));
QueuePop(&q);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}3.栈和队列面试题
3.1 20. 有效的括号
思路：栈
typedef char STDataType;
typedef struct Stack
{
STDataType* a;
int top;
int capacity;
}ST;
//初始化和销毁
void STInit(ST* pst);
void STDestroy(ST* pst);
//入栈和出栈
void STPush(ST* pst, STDataType x);
void STPop(ST* pst);
//取出栈顶元素
STDataType STTop(ST* pst);
//判空
bool STEmpty(ST* pst);
//初始化
void STInit(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
pst->a = NULL;
// top指向栈顶数据的下一个位置
pst->top = 0;
// top指向栈顶数据
//pst->top = -1;
pst->capacity = 0;
}
//销毁
void STDestroy(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
free(pst->a);
pst->a = NULL;
pst->top = pst->capacity = 0;
}
//入栈
void STPush(ST* pst, STDataType x)
{
assert(pst);
//扩容
if (pst->top == pst->capacity) {
int newcapacity = pst->capacity == 0 ? 4 : pst->capacity*2;
STDataType* tmp = (STDataType*)realloc(pst->a, newcapacity * sizeof(STDataType));
if (tmp == NULL)
{
perror("realloc fail");
return;
}
pst->a = tmp;
pst->capacity = newcapacity;
}
pst->a[pst->top] = x;
pst->top++;
}
//出栈
void STPop(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
assert(pst->top > 0);
pst->top--;
}
//取出栈顶元素
STDataType STTop(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
assert(pst->top > 0);
return pst->a[pst->top - 1];//取法问题
}
//判空
bool STEmpty(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
return pst->top == 0;
}
bool isValid(char* s) {
ST st;
STInit(&st);
while(*s)
{
if(*s=='('||*s=='['||*s=='{')
STPush(&st,*s);
else{
if(STEmpty(&st))
{
STDestroy(&st);
return false;
}
char top=STTop(&st);
STPop(&st);
//不匹配
if((top=='('&&*s!=')')||(top=='{'&&*s!='}')||(top=='['&&*s!=']'))
{
STDestroy(&st);
return false;
}
}
++s;
}
bool ret=STEmpty(&st);
STDestroy(&st);
return ret;
}3.2 225. 用队列实现栈
思路：保持一个存数据，一个空（用来导数据）
typedef int QDataType;
typedef struct QueueNode
{
struct QueueNode* next;
QDataType val;
}QNode;
typedef struct Queue
{
QNode* phead;
QNode* ptail;
int size;
}Queue;
void QueueInit(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
pq->phead = NULL;
pq->ptail = NULL;
pq->size = 0;
}
void QueueDestroy(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
QNode* cur = pq->phead;
while (cur)
{
QNode* next = cur->next;
free(cur);
cur = next;
}
pq->phead = pq->ptail = NULL;
pq->size = 0;
}
// 队尾插入
void QueuePush(Queue* pq, QDataType x)
{
assert(pq);
QNode* newnode = (QNode*)malloc(sizeof(QNode));
if (newnode == NULL)
{
perror("malloc fail");
return;
}
newnode->next = NULL;
newnode->val = x;
if (pq->ptail == NULL)
{
pq->phead = pq->ptail = newnode;
}
else
{
pq->ptail->next = newnode;
pq->ptail = newnode;
}
pq->size++;
}
// 队头删除
void QueuePop(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
assert(pq->size != 0);
/*QNode* next = pq->phead->next;
free(pq->phead);
pq->phead = next;
if (pq->phead == NULL)
pq->ptail = NULL;*/
// 一个节点
if (pq->phead->next == NULL)
{
free(pq->phead);
pq->phead = pq->ptail = NULL;
}
else // 多个节点
{
QNode* next = pq->phead->next;
free(pq->phead);
pq->phead = next;
}
pq->size--;
}
QDataType QueueFront(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
assert(pq->phead);
return pq->phead->val;
}
QDataType QueueBack(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
assert(pq->ptail);
return pq->ptail->val;
}
int QueueSize(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
return pq->size;
}
bool QueueEmpty(Queue* pq)
{
assert(pq);
return pq->size == 0;
}
typedef struct {
Queue q1;
Queue q2;
} MyStack;
MyStack* myStackCreate() {
MyStack* pst=(MyStack* )malloc(sizeof(MyStack));
QueueInit(&(pst->q1));
QueueInit(&(pst->q2));
return pst;
}
void myStackPush(MyStack* obj, int x) {
if(!QueueEmpty(&(obj->q1)))
QueuePush(&(obj->q1),x);
else
QueuePush(&(obj->q2),x);
}
int myStackPop(MyStack* obj) {
//假设法
Queue* empty=&(obj->q1);
Queue* nonEmpty=&(obj->q2);
if(!QueueEmpty(&(obj->q1)))
{
nonEmpty=&(obj->q1);
empty=&(obj->q2);
}
while(QueueSize(nonEmpty)>1)
{
QueuePush(empty,QueueFront(nonEmpty));
QueuePop(nonEmpty);
}
int top=QueueFront(nonEmpty);
QueuePop(nonEmpty);
return top;
}
int myStackTop(MyStack* obj) {
if(!QueueEmpty(&(obj->q1)))
{
return QueueBack(&(obj->q1));
}
else
{
return QueueBack(&(obj->q2));
}
}
bool myStackEmpty(MyStack* obj) {
return QueueEmpty(&(obj->q1))&&QueueEmpty(&(obj->q2));
}
void myStackFree(MyStack* obj) {
QueueDestroy(&(obj->q1));
QueueDestroy(&(obj->q2));
free(obj);
}
/**
* Your MyStack struct will be instantiated and called as such:
* MyStack* obj = myStackCreate();
* myStackPush(obj, x);
* int param_2 = myStackPop(obj);
* int param_3 = myStackTop(obj);
* bool param_4 = myStackEmpty(obj);
* myStackFree(obj);
*/3.3 232. 用栈实现队列
思路：两个栈，互相导
typedef int STDataType;
typedef struct Stack
{
STDataType* a;
int top;
int capacity;
}ST;
//初始化
void STInit(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
pst->a = NULL;
// top指向栈顶数据的下一个位置
pst->top = 0;
// top指向栈顶数据
//pst->top = -1;
pst->capacity = 0;
}
//销毁
void STDestroy(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
free(pst->a);
pst->a = NULL;
pst->top = pst->capacity = 0;
}
//入栈
void STPush(ST* pst, STDataType x)
{
assert(pst);
//扩容
if (pst->top == pst->capacity) {
int newcapacity = pst->capacity == 0 ? 4 : pst->capacity*2;
STDataType* tmp = (STDataType*)realloc(pst->a, newcapacity * sizeof(STDataType));
if (tmp == NULL)
{
perror("realloc fail");
return;
}
pst->a = tmp;
pst->capacity = newcapacity;
}
pst->a[pst->top] = x;
pst->top++;
}
//出栈
void STPop(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
assert(pst->top > 0);
pst->top--;
}
//取出栈顶元素
STDataType STTop(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
assert(pst->top > 0);
return pst->a[pst->top - 1];//取法问题
}
//判空
bool STEmpty(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
return pst->top == 0;
}
//获取元素个数
int STSize(ST* pst)
{
assert(pst);
return pst->top;//不是capacity(容量)
}
typedef struct {
ST pushst;
ST popst;
} MyQueue;
MyQueue* myQueueCreate() {
MyQueue* obj=(MyQueue* )malloc(sizeof(MyQueue));
STInit(&(obj->pushst));
STInit(&(obj->popst));
return obj;
}
void myQueuePush(MyQueue* obj,int x)
{
STPush(&(obj->pushst),x);
}
int myQueuePop(MyQueue* obj)
{
int front=myQueuePeek(obj);
STPop(&(obj->popst));
return front;
}
int myQueuePeek(MyQueue* obj) {
if(STEmpty(&(obj->popst)))
{
//倒数据
while(!STEmpty(&(obj->pushst)))
{
int top=STTop(&(obj->pushst));
STPush(&(obj->popst),top);
STPop(&(obj->pushst));
}
}
return STTop(&(obj->popst));
}
bool myQueueEmpty(MyQueue* obj) {
return STEmpty(&(obj->popst))&&STEmpty(&(obj->pushst));
}
void myQueueFree(MyQueue* obj) {
STDestroy(&(obj->popst));
STDestroy(&(obj->pushst));
free(obj);
}
/**
* Your MyQueue struct will be instantiated and called as such:
* MyQueue* obj = myQueueCreate();
* myQueuePush(obj, x);
* int param_2 = myQueuePop(obj);
* int param_3 = myQueuePeek(obj);
* bool param_4 = myQueueEmpty(obj);
* myQueueFree(obj);
*/3.4 622. 设计循环队列
typedef struct {
int* a;
int head;
int tail;
int k;
} MyCircularQueue;
MyCircularQueue* myCircularQueueCreate(int k) {
MyCircularQueue* obj=(MyCircularQueue*)malloc(sizeof(MyCircularQueue));
//多开一个解决假溢出
obj->a=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*(k+1));
obj->head=0;
obj->tail=0;
obj->k=k;
return obj;
}
bool myCircularQueueIsEmpty(MyCircularQueue* obj) {
return obj->head==obj->tail;
}
bool myCircularQueueIsFull(MyCircularQueue* obj) {
return (obj->tail+1)%(obj->k+1)==obj->head;
}
bool myCircularQueueEnQueue(MyCircularQueue* obj, int value) {
if(myCircularQueueIsFull(obj))
return false;
obj->a[obj->tail]=value;
obj->tail++;
obj->tail%=(obj->k+1);
return true;
}
bool myCircularQueueDeQueue(MyCircularQueue* obj) {
if(myCircularQueueIsEmpty(obj))
return false;
++obj->head;
obj->head%=(obj->k+1);
return true;
}
int myCircularQueueFront(MyCircularQueue* obj) {
if(myCircularQueueIsEmpty(obj))
return -1;
else
return obj->a[obj->head];
}
int myCircularQueueRear(MyCircularQueue* obj) {
if(myCircularQueueIsEmpty(obj))
return -1;
else
return obj->a[(obj->tail+obj->k)%(obj->k+1)];
}
void myCircularQueueFree(MyCircularQueue* obj) {
free(obj->a);
free(obj);
}
/**
* Your MyCircularQueue struct will be instantiated and called as such:
* MyCircularQueue* obj = myCircularQueueCreate(k);
* bool param_1 = myCircularQueueEnQueue(obj, value);
* bool param_2 = myCircularQueueDeQueue(obj);
* int param_3 = myCircularQueueFront(obj);
* int param_4 = myCircularQueueRear(obj);
* bool param_5 = myCircularQueueIsEmpty(obj);
* bool param_6 = myCircularQueueIsFull(obj);
* myCircularQueueFree(obj);
*/
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