一张图快速了解五大架构风格(1)

架构风格

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架构风格定义了用于描述系统的术语表和一组指导构建系统的规则。

架构风格反映了领域中众多系统所共有的结构和寓意特性，并指导如何将各个构件有效地组织成一个完整的系统。

数据流风格

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批处理序列

大量整体数据、无需用户交互

构件为一系列固定顺序的计算单元，构件之间只通过数据传递交互。每个处理步骤是一个独立的程序，每一步必须在其前一步结束后才能开始，数据必须是完整的，以整体的方式传递。

管道过滤器

流式数据、弱用户交互

每个构件都有一组输入和输出，构件读输入的数据流，经过内部处理，然后产生输出数据流。这个过程通常是通过对输入数据流的变换或计算来完成的，包括通过计算和增加信息以丰富数据、通过浓缩和删除以精简数据、通过改变记录方式以转化数据和递增地转化数据等。这里的构件称为过滤器，连接件就是数据流传输的管道，将一个过滤器的输出传到另一个过滤器的输入。

调用返回风格

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主程序子程序

面向过程

单线程控制，把问题划分为若干个处理步骤，构件即为主程序和子程序，子程序通常可合成为模块。过程调用作为交互机制，即充当连接件的角色。调用关系具有层次性，其语义逻辑表现为主程序的正确性取决于它调用的子程序的正确性

面向对象

对象的方法调用

构件是对象，对象是抽象数据类型的实例。在抽象数据类型中，数据的表示和它们的相应操作被封装起来，对象的行为体现在其接受和请求的动作。连接件即是对象间交互的方式，对象是通过函数和过程的调用来交互的

层次结构

层与层之间的方法调用

构件组织成一个层次结构，连接件通过决定层间如何交互的协议来定义。每层为上一层提供服务，使用下一层的服务，只能见到与自己邻接的层。通过层次结构，可以将大的问题分解为若干个渐进的小问题逐步解决，可以隐藏问题的复杂度。修改某一层，最多影响其相邻的两层（通常只能影响上层）

独立构件风格

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进程通信

构件是独立的过程，连接件是消息传递。构件通常是命名过程，消息传递的方式可以是点对点、异步或同步方式，以及远程过程（方法）调用等。

事件驱动（隐式调用）

构件不直接调用一个过程，而是触发或广播一个或多个事件。构件中的过程在一个或多个事件中注册，当某个事件被触发时，系统自动调用在这个事件中注册的所有过程。一个事件的触发就导致了另一个模块中的过程调用。这种风格中的构件是匿名的过程，它们之间交互的连接件往往是以过程之间的隐式调用来实现的。主要优点是为软件复用提供了强大的支持，为构件的维护和演化带来了方便；其缺点是构件放弃了对系统计算的控制。

虚拟机风格

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解释器

解释器通常包括一个完成解释工作的解释引擎、一个包含将被解释的代码的存储区、一个记录解释引擎当前工作状态的数据结构，以及一个记录源代码被解释执行的进度的数据结构。具有解释器风格的软件中含有一个虚拟机，可以仿真硬件的执行过程和
一些关键应用，其缺点是执行效率比较低。

规则系统

基于规则的系统包括规则集、规则解释器、规则/数据选择器和工作内存，一般用在人工智能领域和DSS中。

仓库风格

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数据库系统

构件主要有两大类，一类是中央共享数据源，保存当前系统的数据状态；另一类是多个独立处理单元，处理单元对数据元素进行操作。

黑板系统

包括知识源、黑板和控制三部分。知识源包括若干独立计算的不同单元，提供解决问题的知识。知识源响应黑板的变化，也只修改黑板；黑板是一个全局数据库，包含问题域解空间的全部状态，是知识源相互作用的唯一媒介；知识源响应是通过黑板状态的变化来控制的。黑板系统通常应用在对于解决问题没有确定性算法的软件中（信号处理、问题规划和编译器优化等）。

超文本系统

构件以网状链接方式相互连接，用户可以在构件之间进行按照人类的联想思维方式任意跳转到相关构件。超文本是一种非线性的网状信息组织方法，它以结点为基本单位，链作为结点之间的联想式关联。超文本系统通常应用在互联网领域。

“你跟讲了这么多，说好的图呢？”

“不要着急，最好的总是在不经意的时候出现。”

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