synchronized与ReentrantLock的区别

建议看原文
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/126085068

工作与面试中经常会遇到Java常见的加锁方法，本文着重介绍synchronized与ReentrantLock的区别。
① 底层实现上来说，synchronized 是JVM层面的锁，是Java关键字，通过monitor对象来完成（monitorenter与monitorexit），对象只有在同步块或同步方法中才能调用wait/notify方法，ReentrantLock 是从jdk1.5以来（java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock）提供的API层面的锁。

synchronized 的实现涉及到锁的升级，具体为无锁、偏向锁、自旋锁、向OS申请重量级锁，ReentrantLock实现则是通过利用CAS（CompareAndSwap）自旋机制保证线程操作的原子性和volatile保证数据可见性以实现锁的功能。

synchronized (new Object()){

}

new ReentrantLock();
使用javap -c对如上代码进行反编译得到如下代码：

② 是否可手动释放：

synchronized 不需要用户去手动释放锁，synchronized 代码执行完后系统会自动让线程释放对锁的占用； ReentrantLock则需要用户去手动释放锁，如果没有手动释放锁，就可能导致死锁现象。一般通过lock()和unlock()方法配合try/finally语句块来完成，使用释放更加灵活。

private int number = 0;
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
private AtomicInteger atomicInteger;

public void increment() throws Exception {
    lock.lock();
    try {

        while (number != 0) {
            condition.await();
        }
        //do something
        number++;
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
        condition.signalAll();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }

}

③ 是否可中断

synchronized是不可中断类型的锁，除非加锁的代码中出现异常或正常执行完成； ReentrantLock则可以中断，可通过trylock(long timeout,TimeUnit unit)设置超时方法或者将lockInterruptibly()放到代码块中，调用interrupt方法进行中断。

public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
}
public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException {
sync.acquireInterruptibly(1);
}
④ 是否公平锁

synchronized为非公平锁 ReentrantLock则即可以选公平锁也可以选非公平锁，通过构造方法new ReentrantLock时传入boolean值进行选择，为空默认false非公平锁，true为公平锁。

/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
* This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
*/
public ReentrantLock() {
sync = new NonfairSync();
}

/**
 * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
 * given fairness policy.
 *
 * @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
 */
public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
    sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
}

⑤ 锁是否可绑定条件Condition

synchronized不能绑定； ReentrantLock通过绑定Condition结合await()/singal()方法实现线程的精确唤醒，而不是像synchronized通过Object类的wait()/notify()/notifyAll()方法要么随机唤醒一个线程要么唤醒全部线程。

示例：用ReentrantLock绑定三个条件实现线程A打印一次1，线程B打印两次2，线程C打印三次3
class Resource {
private int number = 1;//A:1 B:2 C:3
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition c1 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c2 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c3 = lock.newCondition();

//1 判断
public void print1() {

    lock.lock();

    try {
        //判断
        while (number != 1) {
            c1.await();
        }
        //2 do sth
        for (int i = 1; i < 2; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
        }

        //3 通知
        number = 2;
        c2.signal();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

//1 判断
public void print2() {

    lock.lock();

    try {
        //判断
        while (number != 2) {
            c2.await();
        }
        //2 do sth
        for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
        }

        //3 通知
        number = 3;
        c3.signal();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

//1 判断
public void print3() {

    lock.lock();

    try {
        //判断
        while (number != 3) {
            c3.await();
        }
        //2 do sth
        for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
        }

        //3 通知
        number = 1;
        c1.signal();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

    Resource resource = new Resource();

    new Thread(()->{
        for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
            resource.print1();
        }
    },"A").start();


    new Thread(()->{
        for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
            resource.print2();
        }
    },"B").start();


    new Thread(()->{
        for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
            resource.print3();
        }
    },"C").start();


}

输出结果为：

A 1 B 2 B 2 C 3 C 3 C 3 A 1 B 2 B 2 C 3 C 3 C 3

⑥ 锁的对象

synchronzied锁的是对象，锁是保存在对象头里面的，根据对象头数据来标识是否有线程获得锁/争抢锁；ReentrantLock锁的是线程，根据进入的线程和int类型的state标识锁的获得/争抢。