在《Core java 2: volumn 1, Edition 5》一书的第四章“对象与类”中讲到域赋值语句、实例块、静态块及构造方法等在创建类实例时的执行顺序,中文译本有些处翻译的不贴切,而英文原书中也有一处错误。本文通过一个小程序来说明类实例构造过程中的语句执行顺序。
程序如下:
public
class
Teststaticblock
...
{
public Teststaticblock() ...{
this("second");
System.out.println("begin constructor");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println(d);
// this("second");//call to this must be first statement in constructor
s_a = 1111;
s_b = 2222;
c = 3333;
d = 4444;
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println(d);
System.out.println("end constructor");
}
public Teststaticblock(String s) ...{
System.out.println("begin second constructor");
System.out.println("end second constructor");
}
public static void main(String args[]) ...{
System.out.println("begin main");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
s_a = 11111;
s_b = 22222;
// c=33333;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
// d=44444;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
System.out.println("before new class object");
Teststaticblock t = new Teststaticblock();
System.out.println("end new class object");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
s_a = 111111;
s_b = 222222;
// c=333333;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
// d=444444;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
System.out.println("end main");
}
static int s_a = 1;
int c = 3;
...{
System.out.println("begin block");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
// System.out.println(d);//illegal forward reference
s_a = 111;
s_b = 222;
c = 333;
d = 444;
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
// System.out.println(d);//illegal forward reference
System.out.println("end block");
}
static ...{
System.out.println("begin static block");
System.out.println(s_a);
// System.out.println(s_b);//illegal forward reference
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
s_a = 11;
s_b = 22;
System.out.println(s_a);
// System.out.println(s_b);//illegal forward reference
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
System.out.println("end static block");
}
int d = 4;
static int s_b = 2;
}
public Teststaticblock() ...{
this("second");
System.out.println("begin constructor");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println(d);
// this("second");//call to this must be first statement in constructor
s_a = 1111;
s_b = 2222;
c = 3333;
d = 4444;
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println(d);
System.out.println("end constructor");
}
public Teststaticblock(String s) ...{
System.out.println("begin second constructor");
System.out.println("end second constructor");
}
public static void main(String args[]) ...{
System.out.println("begin main");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
s_a = 11111;
s_b = 22222;
// c=33333;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
// d=44444;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
System.out.println("before new class object");
Teststaticblock t = new Teststaticblock();
System.out.println("end new class object");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
s_a = 111111;
s_b = 222222;
// c=333333;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
// d=444444;//non-static variable c cannot be referenced from a static
// context
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
System.out.println("end main");
}
static int s_a = 1;
int c = 3;
...{
System.out.println("begin block");
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
// System.out.println(d);//illegal forward reference
s_a = 111;
s_b = 222;
c = 333;
d = 444;
System.out.println(s_a);
System.out.println(s_b);
System.out.println(c);
// System.out.println(d);//illegal forward reference
System.out.println("end block");
}
static ...{
System.out.println("begin static block");
System.out.println(s_a);
// System.out.println(s_b);//illegal forward reference
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
s_a = 11;
s_b = 22;
System.out.println(s_a);
// System.out.println(s_b);//illegal forward reference
// System.out.println(c);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
// System.out.println(d);//non-static variable c cannot be referenced
// from a static context
System.out.println("end static block");
}
int d = 4;
static int s_b = 2;
}
begin static block
1
11
end static block
begin main
11
2
11111
22222
before new class object
begin block
11111
22222
3
111
222
333
end block
begin second constructor
end second constructor
begin constructor
111
222
333
4
1111
2222
3333
4444
end constructor
end new class object
1111
2222
111111
222222
end main
通过对输出进行分析,可以得出如下结果:
1、在类第一次加载时候,会执行静态域(field)初始化语句和静态块(用static{}包含的部分)。
这里要注意:
a、不管静态域声明语句的实际位置在哪儿,当第一次加载类的时候都会首先对它初始化为缺省值(0,false,null等)。
b、即使静态域声明中使用了显式初始化语句(比如:int x=3),第一次加载类的时候也会先把它初始化为缺省值(此时x为0),然后再按照下面说的要点c来执行赋值语句(x=3)。
c、对于静态域的显式初始化语句和静态块,按照在类中代码出现的先后顺序执行。
因此,在上面的例子程序中,我们看到
static int s_a=1;
static
{
s_a=11;
s_b=22;
}
static int s_b=2;
对s_a,s_b会有不同的效果。类加载时候,s_a,s_b都被初始化为0,然后由于依照代码顺序执行了s_a=1;s_a=11;s_b=22;s_b=2;结果s_a、s_b分别变成了11和2。
2、当构造类实例时候,会先对实例域初始化为缺省值,然后执行实例块(用{}括起来的部分),然后执行构造方法。其中:
a、如同1中一样,如果有实例域的显式初始化语句,程序仍然是先将该域初始化为缺省值,然后按照代码在类中出现的先后顺序执行初始化语句或者实例块。如果实例块位置在初始化语句前面,即使它改变了该域的值,也会被随后执行的初始化语句改回去。
b、在进入构造方法后,如果构造方法第一句是使用this(...)调用另一构造方法的话,则先执行另一构造方法,然后再执行本构造方法的方法体。这种用法必须让this(...)位于第一句。
《Core java 2》书中所说的"进入构造方法后,如果第一句是调用别的构造方法,则进入别的构造方法。否则,执行实例块"的提法有问题。事实是,不管是否使用this()都会先执行实例块,再进入构造方法。另外,本程序需要在sdk1.4下编译,在sdk1.3下编译将不允许在静态块或实例块中改变位置在它们后面声明的域的值。