synchronized代码块

1. 使用synchronized声明的方法在某些情况下是有弊端的，比如A线程调用同步的方法执行一个很长时间的任务，那么B线程就必须等待比较长的时间才能执行，这样的情况下可以使用synchronized代码块去优化代码执行时间，也就是通常所说的减小锁的粒度。

示例：【com.bjsxt.base.sync006】Optimize

public class Optimize {

    public void doLongTimeTask(){
        try {

            System.out.println("当前线程开始：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                    ", 正在执行一个较长时间的业务操作，其内容不需要同步");
            Thread.sleep(2000);

            synchronized(this){
                System.out.println("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                        ", 执行同步代码块，对其同步变量进行操作");
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            }
            System.out.println("当前线程结束：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                    ", 执行完毕");

        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final Optimize otz = new Optimize();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                otz.doLongTimeTask();
            }
        },"t1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                otz.doLongTimeTask();
            }
        },"t2");
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

执行结果

2. synchronized可以使用任意的Object进行加锁，用法比较灵活。

示例：【com.bjsxt.base.sync006】ObjectLock

public class ObjectLock {
    public void method1(){
        synchronized (this){//对象锁
            try {
                System.out.println("do method1……");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    public void method2(){
        synchronized (ObjectLock.class){//类锁
            try {
                System.out.println("do method2……");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    private Object lock = new Object();
    public void method3(){
        try {
            System.out.println("do method3……");
            Thread.sleep(2000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args){
        ObjectLock objectLock = new ObjectLock();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                objectLock.method1();
            }
        });

        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                objectLock.method2();
            }
        });

        Thread t3 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                objectLock.method3();
            }
        });

        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t3.start();
    }
}

执行结果

三条结果同时打印输出，2秒后程序结束

3. 另外特别注意一个问题，就是不要使用String的常量加锁，会出现死循环问题。

示例：【com.bjsxt.base.sync006】StringLock

public class StringLock {

    public void method() {
        //new String("字符串常量")
        synchronized ("字符串常量") {
            try {
                while(true){
                    System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "开始");
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                    System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "结束");
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final StringLock stringLock = new StringLock();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                stringLock.method();
            }
        },"t1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                stringLock.method();
            }
        },"t2");

        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

4. 锁对象的改变问题，当使用一个对象进行加锁的时候，要注意对象本身发生改变的时候，那么持有的锁就不同。如果对象本身不发生改变，那么依然是同步的，即使是对象的属性发生了改变。

示例：【com.bjsxt.base.sync006】ChangeLock ModifyLock

public class ChangeLock {

    private String lock = "lock";

    private void method(){
        synchronized (lock) {
            try {
                System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "开始");
                lock = "change lock";
                Thread.sleep(2000);
                System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "结束");
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        final ChangeLock changeLock = new ChangeLock();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                changeLock.method();
            }
        },"t1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                changeLock.method();
            }
        },"t2");
        t1.start();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(100);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        t2.start();
    }
}

执行结果

t1, t2同时打印，2秒后t1, t2同时结束

public class ModifyLock {

    private String name ;
    private int age ;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public synchronized void changeAttributte(String name, int age) {
        try {
            System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 开始");
            this.setName(name);
            this.setAge(age);

            System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 修改对象内容为： "
                    + this.getName() + ", " + this.getAge());

            Thread.sleep(2000);
            System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 结束");
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final ModifyLock modifyLock = new ModifyLock();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                modifyLock.changeAttributte("张三", 20);
            }
        },"t1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                modifyLock.changeAttributte("李四", 21);
            }
        },"t2");

        t1.start();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(100);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        t2.start();
    }

执行结果

5. 死锁问题

示例：【com.bjsxt.base.sync006】DeadLock

public class DeadLock implements Runnable{

    private String tag;
    private static Object lock1 = new Object();
    private static Object lock2 = new Object();

    public void setTag(String tag){
        this.tag = tag;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        if(tag.equals("a")){
            synchronized (lock1) {
                try {
                    System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 进入lock1执行");
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock2) {
                    System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 进入lock2执行");
                }
            }
        }
        if(tag.equals("b")){
            synchronized (lock2) {
                try {
                    System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 进入lock2执行");
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock1) {
                    System.out.println("当前线程 : "  + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 进入lock1执行");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        DeadLock d1 = new DeadLock();
        d1.setTag("a");
        DeadLock d2 = new DeadLock();
        d2.setTag("b");

        Thread t1 = new Thread(d1, "t1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(d2, "t2");

        t1.start();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(500);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        t2.start();
    }
}

执行结果