Python单例模式的4种实现方法

    #-*- encoding=utf-8 -*-   
    print '----------------------方法1--------------------------'  
    #方法1,实现__new__方法   
    #并在将一个类的实例绑定到类变量_instance上,   
    #如果cls._instance为None说明该类还没有实例化过,实例化该类,并返回   
    #如果cls._instance不为None,直接返回cls._instance   
    class Singleton(object):  
        def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):  
            if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):  
                orig = super(Singleton, cls)  
                cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)  
            return cls._instance  
      
    class MyClass(Singleton):  
        a = 1  
      
    one = MyClass()  
    two = MyClass()  
      
    two.a = 3  
    print one.a  
    #3   
    #one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测   
    print id(one)  
    #29097904   
    print id(two)  
    #29097904   
    print one == two  
    #True   
    print one is two  
    #True   
      
    print '----------------------方法2--------------------------'  
    #方法2,共享属性;所谓单例就是所有引用(实例、对象)拥有相同的状态(属性)和行为(方法)   
    #同一个类的所有实例天然拥有相同的行为(方法),   
    #只需要保证同一个类的所有实例具有相同的状态(属性)即可   
    #所有实例共享属性的最简单最直接的方法就是__dict__属性指向(引用)同一个字典(dict)   
    #可参看:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66531/   
    class Borg(object):  
        _state = {}  
        def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):  
            ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)  
            ob.__dict__ = cls._state  
            return ob  
      
    class MyClass2(Borg):  
        a = 1  
      
    one = MyClass2()  
    two = MyClass2()  
      
    #one和two是两个不同的对象,id, ==, is对比结果可看出   
    two.a = 3  
    print one.a  
    #3   
    print id(one)  
    #28873680   
    print id(two)  
    #28873712   
    print one == two  
    #False   
    print one is two  
    #False   
    #但是one和two具有相同的（同一个__dict__属性）,见:   
    print id(one.__dict__)  
    #30104000   
    print id(two.__dict__)  
    #30104000   
      
    print '----------------------方法3--------------------------'  
    #方法3:本质上是方法1的升级（或者说高级）版   
    #使用__metaclass__（元类）的高级python用法   
    class Singleton2(type):  
        def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):  
            super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)  
            cls._instance = None  
        def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):  
            if cls._instance is None:  
                cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)  
            return cls._instance  
      
    class MyClass3(object):  
        __metaclass__ = Singleton2  
      
    one = MyClass3()  
    two = MyClass3()  
      
    two.a = 3  
    print one.a  
    #3   
    print id(one)  
    #31495472   
    print id(two)  
    #31495472   
    print one == two  
    #True   
    print one is two  
    #True   
      
    print '----------------------方法4--------------------------'  
    #方法4:也是方法1的升级（高级）版本,   
    #使用装饰器(decorator),   
    #这是一种更pythonic,更elegant的方法,   
    #单例类本身根本不知道自己是单例的,因为他本身(自己的代码)并不是单例的   
    def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):  
        instances = {}  
        def _singleton():  
            if cls not in instances:  
                instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)  
            return instances[cls]  
        return _singleton  
     
    @singleton  
    class MyClass4(object):  
        a = 1  
        def __init__(self, x=0):  
            self.x = x  
      
    one = MyClass4()  
    two = MyClass4()  
      
    two.a = 3  
    print one.a  
    #3   
    print id(one)  
    #29660784   
    print id(two)  
    #29660784   
    print one == two  
    #True   
    print one is two  
    #True   
    one.x = 1  
    print one.x  
    #1   
    print two.x  
    #1