【LeetCode】罗马数字转化为整数：Roman to Integer

Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.

Symbol       Value
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000

For example, two is written as II in Roman numeral, just two one's added together. Twelve is written as, XII, which is simply X + II. The number twenty seven is written as XXVII, which is XX + V + II.

Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, the numeral for four is not IIII. Instead, the number four is written as IV. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as IX. There are six instances where subtraction is used:

• I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9. 
• X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90. 
• C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.

Given a roman numeral, convert it to an integer. Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.

Example 1:

Input: "III"
Output: 3

Example 2:

Input: "IV"
Output: 4

Example 3:

Input: "IX"
Output: 9

Example 4:

Input: "LVIII"
Output: 58
Explanation: L = 50, V= 5, III = 3.

Example 5:

Input: "MCMXCIV"
Output: 1994
Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.

代码如下：

class Solution {
public:
    int romanToInt(string s) {
        int result = 0;
        
        for(int i = 0; i < s.size(); i++) {
            if(i > 0 && mapRomanToInt(s[i]) > mapRomanToInt(s[i-1])) {
                // 当前元素比前一个元素大的时候，需要减去2*较小的数，原因是较小的数前边遍历的时候已经加了一次，所以相当于就减了一倍，符合预期
                result += mapRomanToInt(s[i]) - 2 * mapRomanToInt(s[i-1]);
            } else {
                result += mapRomanToInt(s[i]);
            }
        }
        
        return result;
    }
    
    int mapRomanToInt(const char key) {
        switch(key) {
            case 'I': return 1;
            case 'V': return 5;
            case 'X': return 10;
            case 'L': return 50;
            case 'C': return 100;
            case 'D': return 500;
            case 'M': return 1000;
            default: return 0;
        }
    }
};