cout 格式化输出
将 cout 的 flag 保存到变量, 以便修改后的恢复
ostream::fmtflags old
=
cout.flag() ;
//
无参将返回当前flag 值
cout.flag(old) ; // 恢复到原先保存的值
cout.flag(old) ; // 恢复到原先保存的值
将 bool 值以 literals 输出
cout
<<
"
numeric:
"
<<
true
<<
"
or
"
<<
false
<<
endl;
//
1 or 0
cout << " literals: " << boolalpha << true << " or " << false << endl; // true or false
cout << " literals: " << boolalpha << 0 << endl; // 0 原因: 0 在cout中不等价于 false
cout << " literals: " << boolalpha << true << " or " << false << endl; // true or false
cout << " literals: " << boolalpha << 0 << endl; // 0 原因: 0 在cout中不等价于 false
一旦我们使用 boolalpha 将改变 cout 对 bool 值的输出格式. 此后的 cout 都会将 bool 输出为literals.
将 bool 值以 numeric 输出
cout
<<
"
numeric:
"
<<
noboolalpha
<<
true
<<
"
or
"
<<
false
<<
endl;
//
1 or 0
从此以后, cout 对 bool 值的输出将恢复 numeric 格式
指定 Integral Values 的 Base
const
int
ival
=
17
;
//
'ival' isconstant, so value never change
cout << " oct: " << oct << ival << endl; // 21 : 8 进制
cout << " dec: " << dec << ival << endl; // 17 : 10 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << ival << endl; // 11 : 16 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << 17.01 << endl; // 17.01 : 不受影响
cout << " oct: " << oct << ival << endl; // 21 : 8 进制
cout << " dec: " << dec << ival << endl; // 17 : 10 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << ival << endl; // 11 : 16 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << 17.01 << endl; // 17.01 : 不受影响
显示表明 Integer Values 的 Base
cout
<<
showbase;
//
Show base when printing integralvalues
cout << " oct: " << oct << ival << endl; // 21 : 8 进制
cout << " dec: " << dec << ival << endl; // 017 : 10 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << ival << endl; // 0x11 : 16 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << 17.01 << endl; // 17.01 : 不受影响
cout << noshowbase; // Reset state of the stream
cout << " oct: " << oct << ival << endl; // 21 : 8 进制
cout << " dec: " << dec << ival << endl; // 017 : 10 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << ival << endl; // 0x11 : 16 进制
cout << " hex: " << hex << 17.01 << endl; // 17.01 : 不受影响
cout << noshowbase; // Reset state of the stream
若想改变16进制字母的大小, 可以结合uppercase/nouppercase
cout
<<
showbase
<<
uppercase;
cout << " hex: " << hex << 15 << endl; // 0XF 大写形式
cout << nouppercase;
cout << " hex: " << hex << 15 << endl; // 0xf 小写形式
cout << " hex: " << hex << 15 << endl; // 0XF 大写形式
cout << nouppercase;
cout << " hex: " << hex << 15 << endl; // 0xf 小写形式
showbase 与 noshowbase 的作用周期也是 persistent
对于 float/double 型, 有三种格式化控制
一: 输出精度 precision : by default is 6pricision
控制了至多一共会输出多少个数字.
当要输出的数字多余指定的值时, 将发生四舍五入(rounded);
当要输出的数字少于指定的值时,则实际输出的数字个数将少于指定值.
// cout.pricision(4) ; // 等价于 cout<<setprecision(4);
cout << setprecision( 4 ) << 12.345678 << endl; // 12.35 rounded!
cout << setprecision( 10 ) << 12.345678 << endl; // 12.345678 其实内部发生了 rounded, 而结果正好进位,与原值相同
cout << cout.precision() << endl; // 输出当前精度
二: 表现形式 notation : 'very large and very small values are printed usingscientific notation. other values usefixeddecimal.'
notation 控制了输出的形式 : 科学计数法(scientific) 和定点小数(fixed)
float f = 101 / 6.0 ;
cout << fixed << f << endl; // 16.83334 : 小数点后共6位
cout << scientific << f << endl; // 1.683333e+001 : 小数点后共6位恢复到初始状态
cout.unsetf(ostream::floatfield); // Retrieve to default handling fornotation
cout << f << endl; // 16.8333 : 所有数字共6位
三: 输出十进制浮点 'Bydefault, when the fractional part of a floating-point value is 0,the decimal point is not displayed. Theshowpointmanipulator forces the decimal point ot be printed.'
cout << 10.0 << endl; // 10
cout << showpoint << 10.0 << endl; // 10.0000
cout << noshowpoint << endl; // Revert to default handling of decimal
输出填充 Padding the Output
setw to specify the minimum space for the next numeric or string value.
cout <<setw(10)<<12.3<<endl;// ______12.3
cout <<setw(10)<<12<<3<<endl;// ________123
cout <<setw(3)<<12.345<<endl;// If the total output is more than3, it can be extended![]()
left to left-justify theoutput.
cout <<left;// left-justify
cout <<setw(5)<<12<<setw(5)<<34<<endl;// 12___34___![]()
right toright-justify the output. Output is right-justified budefault.
cout <<right;// By default
cout <<setw(5)<<12<<setw(5)<<34<<endl;// 12___34___![]()
internal controls placement ofthe sign on negative value.internal left-justifies the signand right-justifies the value, padding any intervening space withblanks.(ifsetfill notset)
cout <<internal;// Bydefault
cout <<setw(5)<<-12<<endl;// 12___34___![]()
setfill letsus specify an alternative character to use when padding the output.By default, the value is a space.
cout <<setfill('*');// By default
cout <<setw(5)<<12<<endl;// 12___34___
Header Files
ManipulatorsDefined in < iomanip>
setfill(charch)Fill whitespace with 'ch'
setprecision(intn) Set floating-pointprecision to'n'
setw(int w) Read or write value to'w'characters
setbase(intb) Output integersinbase 'b'(only'b'is8/10/16could the functionwork)